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从属连词that;whetherornot;if连接代词who;whose,which;what连接副词When;where;why;how复合关系代词Whatever;whoever;whomever;whichever引导词•顾名思义，主语从句在整个句子中作主语。•引导词that只起连接作用，本身无词义。•Thathewillsucceediscertain.•Itiscertainthathewillsucceed.•他肯定会成功。•WhetherJohnwillcomeornotdoesn’tmattermuch.•Itdoesn’tmatterwhetherJohnwillcomeornot.•连接代词引导•who;whose,which;what•Whowillbeelectedasmonitorisnotknown.•(who是从句的主语)谁•Whosebagwasstolenisnotknown.•(whose是从句的定语）谁的•Whichmethodisbettercanbeeasilyseen.•(which是从句的定语)哪种•Whatqualitiesthiskindofmaterialhavehasnotbeenfoundout.•Ithasn’tbeenfoundoutwhatqualitiesthiskindofmaterialhave.•这种材料具有什么性质还没搞清楚。（定语）•Whatloveisseemsdifficulttoanswer.（表语）•Whattheyarediscussingisaboy’sfuture.（宾语）•WhatmadehimsoangryisLucy’simpoliteness.（主语）•Whatisimportanttoyouisalsoimportanttome.主语）•连接副词•When;where;why;how•Whenrocketwasinventedisknowntousall.•Itisknowtousallwhenrocketwasinvented.•我们都知道火箭是什么时候发明的。（when是从句的时间状语）•Whyhekilledhershouldbeinvestigated.•HowshewillgotoBeijinghasn’tdecided.•复合关系代词•Whatever;whoever;whomever;whichever•Whateverhasabeginninghasanend.•Whatevershesaysistrue.•Whoeverfailstoseethiswillmakeabigmistake.虚拟语气虚拟语气表示与事实不符的假设，猜测以及建议和主观愿望。1）非真实条件引导的虚拟语气2）含蓄条件引导的虚拟语气3）错综时间条件下的虚拟语气4）从句中的虚拟语气1)非真实条件引导的虚拟语气时间条件从句的时态主句时态对现在情况的假设对过去情况的假设对将来情况的假设(过去时）did/were（过去分词）haddoneshoulddo/weretodoWould/should/could/mightdoWould/should/could/mighthavedoneWould/should/could/mightdo1.对现在情况的假设如果我是你，我就会接受他的忠告。IfIwereyou,Iwouldaccepthisadvice.倒装：WereIyou,Iwouldaccepthisadvice.如果没有你的帮助，他会失败的。Ifitweren’tforyourhelp,hewouldfail.2.对过去情况的假设假如他当初努力学习，他可能早得到奖学金了。Ifhehadstudiedhard,hecouldhavewonthescholarship.倒装：Hadhestudiedhard,hecouldhavewonthescholarship.2.对过去情况的假设如果没有他，我们可能输了这场比赛。Ifithadn’tbeenforhim,wewouldhavelostthegame.倒装：Haditnotbeenforhim,wewouldhavelostthegame.3.对将来情况的假设如果明天下雨，我们就要取消比赛。Ifitshouldraintomorrowwewouldcanceltherace.要是有一天我上了月球,我就能亲眼目睹它的样子。IfIweretogotothemoonsomeday,Icouldseeitwithmyowneyes.2）含蓄条件引导的虚拟语气假设的条件由下列介词（短语）等引出Intheabsenceofgravity,therewouldbenoairaroundtheearth.如果没有重力，地球就没有空气。Butforhim,Iwouldhavebeendrowned.要不是他，我就被淹死了。Intheabsenceof,expectfor,butfor,without…2）含蓄条件引导的虚拟语气通过上下文语境表现Suchmistakescouldhavebeenavoided.这种错误本来是可以避免的。Youshouldhavedonebetter.你可以做得更好。3）错综时间条件下的虚拟语气如果我是你，我就听他的忠告了。IfIwereyou,Iwouldhavetakenhisadvice.(从句表现在，主句表过去）如果我之前听了医生的忠告，我现在就不会病倒了。Ifshehadtakenthedoctor’sadvicethen,Ishouldnotbeillnow.(从句表过去，主句表现在）4）从句中的虚拟语气1)itis+形容词+that+(should)+do[它的被动态为：shouldbedone]Itisimportantthattheplanshouldbeworkedouttoday.计划要今天做出来，这很重要。Itisnecessarythathe(should)besentthereatonce.有必要马上派他到那里去。1)necessary,important,essential,crucial,vital,desirable…2)下列名词/动词+should+do[被动态为：should+bedone]名词:advice,suggestion,proposal,recommendation,demand,request,requirement,order,instruction,decision,determination,plan…动词:advise,suggest,propose,requested,recommend,demand,require…我的建议是推迟会议。Mysuggestionisthatthemeetingshouldbepostponed.Isuggestedthatthemeetingshouldbepostponed.3）在wouldrather后面的宾语从句中，从句的谓语动词形式如下表：我宁愿…•Iwouldratheryou___meSuki.(call)•Iwouldratheryou___that.(从没做过）•Iwouldratherthey___tomorrow.(come)从句表示从句谓语动词形式现在的意愿did(过去式）过去的意愿haddone（过去分词）将来的意愿did(过去式）4)wish,ifonly引导的从句我希望，但愿…要是…asif,asthough引导的状语从句仿佛，就像从句表示从句谓语动词形式现在的愿望或情况did(过去式）过去的愿望或情况haddone（过去分词）将来的愿望或情况would/should/could/might+do我希望和你一样帅。(现在虚拟)IwishIwereashandsomeasyou.我真希望将来能讲流利的英语。(将来虚拟)IwishIcouldspeakfluentEnglishinthefuture.要是信及时到就好了。(过去虚拟)Ifonlytheletterhadarrivedintime.这本书看上去像是新的。Thisbooklooksasifitwerenew.相关真题与解析•1.___lastFriday,hewouldhavegottoParis.•A.WouldheleaveB.Hadheleft•C.IfheistoleaveD.Ifhewasleaving•解析：根据这个句子的上下文，可以判断这个一个省略if的条件状语从句，而且后半句时态用would+现在完成时，那么前部分应该用过去完成时，故选B。•2.Peter___thedriver’stest,buthewasn’tcalmenoughinthelasttenminutes.A.mighthavepassedB.musthavepassedC.havepassedD.oughttohavepassed•解析：这句前半部分要用虚拟是根据后半部分的连接词but表示转折体现出来的，而且是过去已经发生的事情，因此选A。•3.Icouldhavecalledyouyesterday,butI___yourtelephonenumber.A.didn’thaveB.won’thaveC.hadn’thaveD.wouldn’thave•解析：本句前部分是对过去已经发生事情的虚拟，因此用过去完成时；而后半句是阐述事实，是真实情况，且事情发生在过去，因此用一般过去时。答案为A。全部倒装(谓语+主语)•当副词In,on,out,up,down,away,here,there等位于句首时•Theregoesthebell.•Outrushedthegirl.•Incameawoman.•Awayflewthebird.•但主语为代词时则不倒装•Hereitis.•Awaytheywent.部分倒装(助动词+主语+谓语)•Only+状语位于句首•OnlythendidIrealizeIwaswrong.•当hardly,not,no,never,little,neither,nor,seldom位于句首作状语时•NotuntilIseeitwithmyowneyesdoIbelieveit.•当so,such位于句首时，例如：•Ilikemusic,sodoesshe.•当as引导让步状语从句时，例如：•Youngasheis,heknowsmorethanyou.•当notonly位于句首时，如：•Notonlydidhelikereadingstories,butalsohecouldevenwritesome.6.以so/such…that…开头的句子的倒装Sodensewasthefogthattheshiphadtostopsailing.Soembarrasseddidhefeelthatheflushed.Sorapidlydidhespeakthatnobodycouldhear.7.only引导的状语（短语或从句）位于句首时引起的局部倒装只有这样，我们才能学好外语。Onlyinthiswaycanwelearnaforeignlanguagewell.Onlywhenyouloseyourhealthdoyourealizeitsvalue.8.表示否定的词语位于句首引起的倒装Innocircumstancecanthestudentshandintheirassignmentsviae-mailafterFriday.Notawordwouldhesay.NotuntilaweekagodidIknowhisaddress.LittledoIknowaboutthisplace.Bynomeansshouldwelookdownuponthepoor.never,nor,not,few,little,rarely,seldom,nowhe