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英语修辞(EnglishRhetoricDevices)•Figuresofspeech(修辞)arewaysofmakingourlanguagefigurative.Whenweusewordsinotherthantheirordinaryorliteralsensetolendforcetoanidea,toheighteneffect,ortocreatesuggestiveimagery,wearesaidtobespeakingorwritingfiguratively.Rhetoricdevicesmakeyourspeeches,essaysetc.moreinterestingandlivelyandhelpyoutogetandkeepyourreader’s/listener’sattention.Nowwearegoingtotalkaboutsomecommonformsoffiguresofspeech.Simile：(明喻）Itisanexpressedlikeness,whichmakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelementshavingatleastonequalityorcharacteristic(特性)incommon.Tomakethecomparison,wordslikeas,as...as,asifandlikeareusedtotransferthequalityweassociatewithonetotheother.•e.gAscoldwateristoathirstysoul,soisgoodnewsfromafarcountry.•Reasonistofaithastheeyetothetelescope.•Hebellowedlikeabullseekingcombat.Metaphor：(暗喻）•Itislikeasimile,alsomakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelements,butunlikeasimile,thiscomparisonisimpliedratherthanstated.•e.gTheworldisastage.•Thefountainofknowledgewilldryupunlessitiscontinuouslyreplenishedbystreamsofnewlearning.•Youreyeisthelampofyourbody;whenyoureyeissound,yourwholebodyisfulloflight;butwhenitisnotsound,yourbodyisfullofdarkness.Analogy:(类比）•Itisalsoaformofcomparison,butunlikesimileormetaphorwhichusuallyusescomparisonononepointofresemblance,analogydrawsaparallelbetweentwounlikethingsthathaveseveralcommonqualitiesorpointsofresemblance.Thepatternis:aistobascistod借助一些共同的相似之点来做平行的比较，比明喻和暗喻着眼点更广阔。•e.gShoeistofootastireistowheelFollowersaretoaleaderasplanetsaretoasunShellsweretoancientculturesasdollarbillsaretomodernculturePersonification:(拟人）•Itgiveshumanformoffeelingstoanimals,orlifeandpersonalattributes(赋予)toinanimate(无生命的)objects,ortoideasandabstractions(抽象).把事、物、观念等拟作人，赋予它们以人的思想。感情与行为方式。•e.gThewindwhistledthroughthetrees.•Moneytalks;moneyprints;moneybroadcasts;moneyreigns.Hyperbole:(夸张）•Itisthedeliberateuseofoverstatementorexaggerationtoachieveemphasis.在真实的基础上有意言过其实以更好地反映事物的本质。•e.gHealmostdiedlaughing.•Hamlet:IloveOphelia:fortythousandbrotherscouldnot,withalltheirquantityoflove,makeupmysum.•Hiseloquencewouldsplitrocks.•Mylegsweighthreetons.Understatement:低调陈述/含蓄陈述•Itistheoppositeofhyperbole,oroverstatement.Itachievesitseffectofemphasizingafactbydeliberately(故意地)understatingitorminimizingtheimportance,impressingthelistenerorthereadermorebywhatismerelyimpliedorleftunsaidthanbybarestatement.轻描淡写地陈述一种想法。•YouknowIwouldbealittledisappointedifyouweretobehitbyadrunkdriverattwoa.m.,soIhopeyouwillbehomeearly.•Thefacewasn’tabadone:ithadwhattheycalledcharm.(正话反说，反映说话者的矜持)•Themanisnofool.这个人决不是个傻瓜•Yes,Iknowalittleaboutrocks.(Arockexpertsays)Euphemism:(委婉）•Itisthesubstitutionofanagreeableorinoffensive(无冒犯)expressionforonethatmayoffendorsuggestsomethingunpleasant.用比较温和的词代替粗鲁的词或使人不愉快的词，用通行的词代替禁忌的词。•e.gCharlesShively,94,passedawayathomeandwenttobewiththeLordonApril22,2004,fromnaturalcauses.•Hewenttosleeppeacefully—butforever.•(becalledtoGod;benomore;gotohislonghome;begonetoabetterland)•Funeral→memorialservicegraveyard→memorygarden.Metonymy(转喻/借代）•Itisafigureofspeechthathastodowiththesubstitutionofthemeaningofonethingforthatofanother.用一个单词代替另外一个在概念上有关联的单词•e.gThepen(words)ismightierthanthesword(forces/war).•Bewareofbottle.(谨防喝醉酒)•Theredeyeswalkedintotheclassroom.•Hehasagoodearformusic.他善于欣赏音乐。•Hehasasharptongue.他言语尖刻。Synecdoche(提喻）•Synechdocheissomekindofgeneralizationorspecificationthatinvolvesthesubstitutionofthepartforthewhole,orthewholeforthepart.用局部代替整体，单个代替类别，具体代替抽象；或反过来。•Theysaythere’sbreadandworkforall.•Turningourlongboatround[…]onthelastmorningrequiredallhandsondeck…(hands=people)•Troopshaltthedrivers(troops=soldiers)•Sheworegoldaroundherneck.(gold=chain)Pun:(双关语）•Itisaplayonwords,orratheraplayontheformandmeaningofwords.一个词在上下文中有双重或更多的含义。英语中常用同形异义词（拼写相同但意义不同）或同音异义词（发音相同或相似，拼写与意义不同）来造成双关的效果。•e.gAcannon-balltookoffhislegs,sohelaiddownhisarms.(Here“arms”hastwomeanings:aperson’sbody;weaponscarriedbyasoldier.)•e.gAskformetomorrowandyoushallfindmeagraveman.(graveman，即是严肃的人，又是坟墓中的死人。)Zeugma:(轭式搭配/拈连）•Itisasinglewordwhichismadetomodifyortogoverntwoormorewordsinthesamesentence,witherproperlyapplyinginsensetoonlyoneofthem,orapplyingtothemindifferentsenses.用一个形容词修饰两个名词，其中一个修饰是通顺的、规范的，另外一个修饰则是勉强的、不规范的。•Withweepingeyesandgrievinghearts--Withweepingeyesandhearts•e.gThesunshallnotburnyoubyday,northemoonbynight.(Heremoonisnotstrongenoughtoburn)•Shewasdressedinamaid’scapandabrightsmile.•Itisbettertohaveapatchedjacketthantohaveapatchedcharacter.•Prideoppresseshumility;hatredlove;crueltycompassionIrony:(反语/讽刺）•Itisafigureofspeechthatachievesemphasisbysayingtheoppositeofwhatismeant,theintendedmeaningofthewordsbeingtheoppositeoftheirusualsense.即通常所谓的说反话，反意正说，正意反说。常用于讽刺或嘲弄的场合.e.g•Wearelucky.(whensomethingbadhappens)•Whatyousaidmakesmefeelreallygood.(whensomeonesayssthunplesant)•Thisdiligentstudentseldomreadsmorethananhourperweek.Sarcasm:(讽刺）•Itisastrongformofirony.Itattacksinabittermanner,anditsaimistoridiculeandwoundthefeelingsofthesubjectattacked.•e.gLawsarelikecobwebs（蜘蛛网）,whichmaycatchsmallflies,butletwasps（黄蜂）breakthrough.Para