AP world history review 世界历史复习资料

UNITI:FOUNDATIONS(8000BCETO600CE)OfallthetimeperiodscoveredintheAPWorldHistorycurriculum,Foundations(8000BCE-600CE)spansthelargestnumberofyears.ItbeginswithanimportantMarkerEvent-theNeolithicRevolution-andendsafterthefallofthreemajorclassicalcivilizations-RomeintheMediterraneanregion,HanChina,andtheGuptaEmpireofIndia.BroadtopicsaddressedintheFoundationstimeperiodare:EnvironmentalandperiodizationissuesEarlydevelopmentinagricultureandtechnologyBasiccultural,political,andsocialfeaturesofearlycivilizations:Mesopotamia,Egypt,IndusValley,ShangChina,andMeso/SouthAmericaTheriseandfallofclassicalcivilizations:ZhouandHanChina,India(GuptaEmpire),andMediterraneancivilizations(GreeceandRome)Majorbeliefsystems,includingpolytheism,Hinduism,Judaism,Confucianism,Daoism,Buddhism,andChristianityANOTEABOUTPREHISTORY(BEFORE3500CE)Abasictypeofperiodizationistodividealloftimeintoprehistoryandhistory.Usuallythedistinctionisbasedonwhetherornotthepeopleleftwrittenrecords,butthepresenceofwrittenrecordsisverycloselytiedtothebeginningsofagriculture.Scholarsarenotentirelysureaboutwhenhumanbeingsfirstappearedonearth,butnewdiscoveriescontinuetopushthedatefurtherbackintime.Soprehistorylastedformillionsofyears.ThefirsthumansprobablyemergedineasternAfrica,duetoahappyconfluenceofavailabilityoffoodanddomesticableanimalsandfavorableclimate.Forthousandsofyearshumanssustainedthemselvesashuntersandgatherers,andasaresultwerequitedependentontheabundanceoffood.Huntersgainedskillsincapturingandkillinganimals,andgathererslearnedwhichplantsandfruitswereedibleandnutritious.Technologicalinventionsgenerallysupportedthefulfillmentofthesebasicactivities.Stones(andeventuallymetals)wereshapedastoolsandweapons,andtechniquesweredevelopedforefficientgatheringandstorageoffood.By8000BCE,humanshadmigratedtomanyotherareas,probablyfollowingtheherdsandotheravailablefoodsources.Majormigrationsinclude:EarlyAfricanstoAustralia,theMiddleEast,Europe,andAsiaAsiansacrossthelandbridgetotheAmericasOurknowledgeofprehistoricpeopleislimited,partlybecausetheylivedsolongago,andpartlybecausetheyleftnowrittenrecords.However,archaeologistshavefoundevidenceofthesegenerallysharedcharacteristicsofprehistoricpeople:1)Socialstructure-Mostpeopletraveledinsmallbands,andauthoritywasbasedonfamilyrelationships.Mentookleadershiproles,butwomenwerehighlyvaluedfortheirgatheringskills.Laborwasgenerallydividedbasedongender,withmenashuntersandwomenasgatherers.However,statusdifferencesbetweenmenandwomenweregenerallynotwide,withrelativegenderequalityapparentlycharacterizingtheirgrouplife.2)Beliefs-Archaeologicalevidencesuggeststhatprehistoricpeoplewereguidedbytheirbeliefsinspiritsandsacredplaces.Theircavedrawingsandtracesoftheirculturalobjectsindicatethattheybelievedinanafterlife,althoughtheyprobablydidnotpracticepolytheism,orabeliefinmanygods.Instead,polydaemonism,orthebeliefinmanyspirits(notspecificgods),probablydescribestheirreligionmoreaccurately.Bushes,rocks,trees,plants,orstreamscouldbeinhabitedbythesespirits,whooftenappearedtocommunicatewithhumans.Theprehistoriceraincludestheearlystagesofagriculturefromabout10,000to4,000BCE,butoncesettlementbegan,thestagewassetforthedevelopmentofreadingandwritingandtheperiodknownashistory.ENVIRONMENTALANDPERIODIZATIONISSUESWhen,how,andwhydidpeoplegiveuptheirwanderingandsettletoliveinoneplace?Firstofall,ithappenedindifferentpartsoftheworldatdifferenttimes,butsettledcommunitieshaddevelopedinmanyplacesby8000BCE.Theabilitytosettlewasbasedalmostentirelyonsuccessfulcultivationofcropsanddomesticationofanimals.ThesedrasticchangesinhumanlifeareknowncollectivelyastheNeolithicRevolutionthatalmostcertainlyhappenedindependentlyindifferentplacesoveralargespanoftime.Forexample,thepeoplesettlingalongthemajorriversinChinadidnotlearntofarmbecausetheywereincontactwiththepeopleintheIndusRiverarea.Instead,peopleinbothareasprobablyfiguredouttheadvantagesofsettledlifeontheirown.AlthoughtheNeolithicRevolutionwasoneofthemostsignificantMarkerEventsinworldhistory,itoccurredgraduallyandprobablybytrialanderror.Thechangesthatresultedinclude:Increaseinreliablefoodsupplies-Agriculturalskillsallowedpeopletocontrolfoodproduction,anddomesticationofanimalsbothhelpedtomakeagriculturalproductionmoreefficientandincreasedtheavailabilityoffood.Rapidincreaseintotalhumanpopulation-Reliablefoodsuppliesmeantthatpeoplewerelesslikelytostarvetodeath.Withincreasinglifespanscameincreasingreproduction,andmorechildrenmeantthatthereweremorepeopletotendthelandandanimals.Jobspecialization-Otheroccupationsthanfarmingdeveloped,sincefewerpeoplewereneededtoproducefood.Someearlyspecializedjobsincludepriests,traders,andbuilders.Wideningofgenderdifferences-Statusdistinctionsbetweenmenandwomenincreased,asmentookovermostagriculturalcultivationanddomesticationofanimals.Womenwereresponsibleforraisingchildren,cookingfood,andkeepingthehouse,butinvirtuallyalloftheearlycivilizationsmenbecamemoreandmoredominant.Apatriarchalsystemcommonlydeveloped,withmenholdingpowerinthefamily,theeconomy,andthegovernment.Developmentofdist