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:2005207227;:2005210231:(1963),(),,,E2mail:fangxiang@china.com264200511JournalofChineseMassSpectrometrySocietyVol.26No.4Nov.2005,,(,100013):,Mathieu,Mathieu,,,,,,:;;:O657.63;TH843:A:100422997(2005)012234209AnIntroductiontoQuadrupoleMassFilterFANGXiang,QINLi2li,BAIGang(NationalResearchCenterforCertifiedReferenceMaterials,Beijing100013,China)Abstract:Quadrupolemassfilterisamaturedminiaturemassspectrometerthathasbeenwidelyused.Ionsinthequadrupolefieldexperiencedstrongfocusingareconcentratedtothecenterofthequadrupolemassfilter.ThemotionoftheionscanbeexpressedbyMathieuEquationanditsstabilitydiagram.ThemassspectrumoftheanalyzedionscanbeachievedbyscanningtheamplitudeoftheRFvoltage.Quadrupolemassfilterisamaturedcommercialinstrumentwhichhasalonghistoryofmorethan50yearsandthestudiesonitarestillongoing.Themainstudiesfocusonminiaturization,widerapplications,higherres2olutionandwidermassrange,rapidanalyzingandlowercost.Keywords:quadrupolemassfilter;massanalyzer;review2(GC/MS)2(LC/MS),,,,,;,,,,;,©1994-2006ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.[1]20,Brubaker,Brubaker60,,,1965,VarianMATAMP23,12,2VarianMAT244(HP),Vari2anMAT,ULVAC2060,,1962,1965ZHL20120,,,,,,1[123],,,MathieuMathieu,,,MSn1.1MathieuMathieu,MathieuE=E0(x+y+z)(1),E0Laplaceý2=0(2)E=-ý(3)ýE=0(4)(1)(4)++=0(5):(i)=-=0(ii)==-2(3)=12E0(x2+y2+z2)+c(6),c(5)(i),(ii),,(6):=12E0(x2-y2)+c(7)1,:E0=-0/r20,c=8(8)=0(x2-y2)2r20(9)(9),15324:©1994-2006ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.[1]Fig.1Theequipotentiallinesofquadrupolemassfilterandthestructureoftheelectrodes[1]0=U-Vcost=(U-Vcost)(x2-y2)2r20:Fx=mx=eExFy=my=eEyFz=mz=eEz]mx-e(-99x=0)my-e(-99y=0)mz-e(-99z=0)]mx+(e/mr20)(U-Vcost)x=0my-(e/mr20)(U-Vcost)y=0mz=0(10),m;e;UV0;r0,=12tdudt=dudddt=(12)dudd(du/dt)dt=d((12)dud)dddt=(142)d2ud2(11)(11)(10),d2xd2+4em2r20(u-Vcos2)x=0(12)d2yd2+4em2r20(u-Vcos2)y=0(13)u=x=-y=4eum2r20,qu=qx=-qy=2eVm2r20(14)(12)(13)d2ud2+(u-2qucos2)u=0(15),uxyMathieu,1.2Mathieu,u=’e-C2ne2in+e--C2ne-2in(16),’,,;C2naq,,aq,,(a,q)Mathieu,,,,umaxr0,,,63226©1994-2006ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.=i,;,,,Mathieu,xy2,(a,q)Mathieu,,q,xy,2PaulPosta=0(q),,,,,I3I(a,q)i,01aq,(a,q),,I=0=1,a,q,,,,1.3,,,u=x=-y=4eum2r20,qu=qx=-qy=2eVm2r20(14)3,r0uV,m/eaq2Mathieu[1,14]Fig.2TheMathieustabilitydiagramforquadrupolemassfilter[1,14]3I[1]Fig.3Diagramofthefirststabilityregion[1],,k=q=2uV=,(r0),7324:©1994-2006ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.(a,q),Iaq,(14)m/e=2Vqm2r20(17),q=0qx0=0qy0V(u,k),3,0,0,+-0,aq(14)84,(14),z,m/zm/em/z,:u/e,e1.4,,:,,,44[1]Fig.4Relationshipbetweenresolutionandmassrange[1]4,,,q=0.706,(17)Mm(:u):Mm=6.0210232eVmq(2f)2r20=6.023102321.60210-19Vm0.706(2)2f2r20(18):Mm=7106Vmf2r20(19),VmRF(2),:V;fRF,:Hz;r0,:m,,,,r=1.1487r0,,1%[122]5,,5[4]Fig.5Schematicdiagramofquadrupolemassfilter[4]1.5MSn[5],,,GC/MSLC/MS,MSn,MSnMSn,3,QqQ,6,Q1Q3,q283226©1994-2006ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.(CID)Q1,q2,Q3,5QqQqQ,,MS/MS/MS,,QqQ,,,CID,,,QqQBEMS/MS,7MS/MS6Fig.6Schematicdiagramofthe3stagesMSnsystemMS/MS,,BEqQ,EBqQ,QEB;,Q2TOFMS/MS2,,,,,,,7MH+(a)BE(b)QqQMS/MSFig.7MS/MSspectrumobtainedfrom(a)BEand(b)QqQ2.1,NierEIEI,PenningEI,,:,,,(CI)(API)(FI)(ICP)90ICP2MS(40Ar16O+),(56Fe+),m/z80ICP2MSICP,,,,,ICP2MS,ICP2MS,9324:©1994-2006ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.[6](2.3)(LI)(),,LI,,,,,,[7],Rydberg[8],2.2,,,,,AustinRlim()-1.3,R=900,10-3,,,,rr0,,,r=1.141511r0,,,r1.13r0,,,,,,,2.0%4.0%,,,,2.4%,5800[9],,,,[22],,,;,,,PaulMS/MS,,,,[10]2.3,a=0,,I,,Mathieu,89II,19625.8m16000,1974m/z282500,[1],I,,04226©1994-2006ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.[14]Fig.8Diagramofthesecondstabilityregion[14]9(a)(b)[15]Fig.9Diagramofthethirdstabilityregion(a)theupperregion;(b)thelowerregion[15],xy01;xy12III,y01,x12,,III,,,,,,m/z,m/z8.38,,II,,,,,,,,,,,,,a=0,,114;,m/z55,R=9000;,()80000u/s[14]III,m/z=59R=4000,,[15],2.4,z,,,[16],MS/MS,,,[17219],,,[20];[11213]1424:©1994-2006ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.[21],3,,:[1]PeterHDawson.QuadrupoleMassSpectrometryandItsApplications[M].Amsterdam:ElsivierScientificPublishingCompany,1976.12151.[2]RaymondEMarch,RichardJHughes.Quadru2poleStorageMassSpectrometry[M].NewYork:JohnWiley&Sons,1989.31251.[3]EdmonddeHoffmann.MassSpectrometryPrin2ciplesandApplications[M].SecondEdition.Chichester:JonhWiley&Sons,2002:64272.[4]WongPhilipSH,CooksRGraham.IonTrapM2assSpectrometry.PurdueUniversity:WestLafa2yette,IN.[5],.[M].:,2004.7985.[6]YingJF,DouglasDJ.HighResolutionInductive2lyCoupledPlasmaMassSpectrawithaQuadru2poleMassFilter[J].RapidCommuninMassSpectrom,1996,10:6492652.[7]KuzuyaM,OhokaY,KatohH,etal.Applica2tionofaQuadrupoleMassFiltertoLaserIoniza2tionMas