中南大学测绘工程地理信息系统(双语)课程复习基本概念整理

中南大学杨俊山整理中南大学测绘工程地理信息系统�双语�课程复习基本概念整理GIS:Definition1:GISisanacronym(缩写)forGeographicInformationSystem(Science).GISisacomputersoftwaretoolusedforassembling�汇编�,storing�存储�,anddisplayinggeographicalinformation.Definition2:GISisagenericterm�一般的术语�denoting�指出�theuseofcomputertocreateanddepictdigitalrepresentationsoftheEarth’surfaceWhat’sGeographicInformation:1�Data:materialdata,number,words,symbols,figure,andimage;2�Information:knowledge,representedbydata,orcomingfromdata3�GeographicInformation:theinformationaboutthegeographicentities(实体).Suchasthelocation,attribute�特性�,number,quality,relationship,andrulesofgeographicentities(实体).Object:physicalrepresentationofanentityInstance:Aparticularoccurrenceofagiventype,forexampleahouseSpatialtype:point,line,area,etcAttribute:DescriptivecharacteristicsofanentityFeature:acombinationofseveralentitiesmakingupacomplexunitEntityclass:Categoryofentitieswithsomesimilarity,forexamplealleducationalbuildings.Attributeclass:Categorycomprisingsimilarattribute,forexamplegradesofstudentsAttributevalue:particularmeasureofanattributeforaninstanceofanentity,forexample,numberofstudents,ortypeschoolSpatialentities:空间实体Entities:refertothephenomenonthatcannotbesubdividedintolikeunits.Identifier;providesameanstorefertodifferententities,althoughitispossiblethatthenamingsystemusedisnotveryprecise,consistentorabletoguaranteeuniqueness对象Object:physicalrepresentationofanentityInstance:Aparticularoccurrenceofagiventype,forexampleahouseSpatialtype:point,line,area,etcAttribute:Descriptivecharacteristicsofanentity中南大学杨俊山整理DATA:(数据):Datareferstoagoal'squalitativeandquantitativedescriptionoforiginalmaterial,includingdigital,wordsandsymbols,graphics,imageandwhatcanconvertdataformthem.GeographicData:(地理数据):referstogeographicalsphereorgeographicalenvironmentcharacterizedinherentfactororphysicalquantity,quality,distributioncharacteristics,relationandregulardigital,text,imagesandgraph.SpatialData:(空间数据):Withtheearthsurfacespacepositionasthereferenceofnature,societyandhumaneconomiclandscapedata,itcanbegraphics,imagesandtext,tablesanddigital,etc元数据Thedefinitionofmetadata�Metadataisinformationaboutdataorotherinformation.Whichisusedtodescribethecontent,quality,condition,andothercharacteristicsofdata.Metadatahelpapersontolocateandunderstanddata.Database:数据库Adatabaseisalargecollectionofinterrelateddatastoredwithinacomputerenvironment.DBMS:数据库管理系统DBMSisacollectionofsoftwarethatmanagesthedatabasestructureandcontrolsaccesstodatastoredinadatabaseG-segment(segment):isapolylinethatcontainsnonodeswheremorethantwoedgesmeet.Polygon:acombinationofpolylinesthattogetherformaloop拓扑�Topologyisabranchofgeometry,concernedwithaparticularsetofgeometricalproperties-thosethatremaininvariantundertopologicaltransformations.欧拉公式�Eulerequality:V+F=E+SV:thenumberofverticesE:thenumberofedgesF:thenumberoffacesS:thenumberofdisconnectedsub-objects欧拉数�Forregion:Eul�L�=V+F-SForpoint:Euler�L�=V中南大学杨俊山整理Forline(ortree):Eul�L�=V-S[Armstrong�1983]Forregionwithholes:Eul�L�=C-H[阮秋琦,2001]V:thenumberofverticesE:thenumberofedgesF:thenumberoffacesS:thenumberofdisconnectedsub-objectsC:ThenumberoftheconnectedcomponentH:thenumberoftheholesDTMDEMTINAnydigitalrepresentationofthecontinuousvariationofreliefoverspaceisknownasadigitalelevationmodel(DEM)ordigitalterrainmodel(DTM).TIN:triangulatedirregularnetworkDEM�DigitalElevationModel�DTM�DigitalTerrainMode�TIGER:TopologicalIntegrated�拓扑模型�GeographicEncodingandReferencing.ItisthenameforthesystemanddigitaldatabasedevelopedattheU.S.CensusBureauinordertosupportitsmappingneedsforboththedecennialcensusandotherBureauprograms.Vagueness�模糊�:therealmofphilosophyandlogic.‘vague’canbeshowedbythecaseofthe‘bald’man.Ambiguity:含糊Ambiguityoccurswhenthereisdoubtastohowaphenomenonshouldbeclassified.SDTS:theSpatialDataTransferStandard1�Lineage体系2�Positionalaccuracy位置准确性3�Attributeaccuracy属性准确性4�Logicalconsistency逻辑一致性5�Completeness完整性GIS的特性�TOOLS工具RESOURCE资源SERVICE服务TECHNOLOGY技术SCIENCE学科空间分析�中南大学杨俊山整理Theprocessofmodeling,examining,andinterpretingmodelresults.Spatialanalysisisusefulforevaluatingsuitability,forestimatingandpredicting,andforinterpretingandunderstandingthelocationanddistributionofgeographicfeaturesandphenomena.空间分析功能�Fourtraditionaltypesofspatialanalysis:topologicaloverlayandcontiguityanalysis,surfaceanalysis,linearanalysis,rasteranalysis.空间查询�SpatialQuery:Functionthatallowsausertofind,display,and/orisolateattributesrecordslinkedtomapfeatureslocatedwithinadefinedareaofinterest-window,circle,polygonortrace.空间索引、�Basedonspatialobjectpositionandshapeorspatialobject'sspacerelationbetweensomeoftheorderbycertainadatastructure,includingspaceobjects,suchastheobject'ssummaryinformationidentification,circum-rectangleandpointingtoapointertothespatialobjectentitySAM�SpatialAccessMethodsSAMusesanexplicitstructure,calledaspatialindex(空间索引)MBB:Mostcommonlyusedapproximationistheminimumboundingrectangleoftheobjects'geometry,orminimalboundingbox,denotedMBB插值法�Interpolation:dataforoneormorepointsinspaceareusedtoproduceestimatedvaluesfor