1.LexicologyWords&Vocabulary

EnglishLexicology英语词汇学Whatislexicology?•Lexicon•Lexical•Lexicography•Sociology•Psychology(词典,字典)(词的,词汇的)(词典编纂)(社会学)(心理学)Whatislexicology?•Lexicologyisthestudyofthestructures,origins,meaningsandusagesofwords.Whatisaword?Aminimalfreeformofalanguage;Asoundunity;Aunitofmeaning;Aformthatcanfunctionaloneinasentence.Awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensoundandmeaningandsyntacticfunction.Withoutgrammarverylittlecanbeconveyed;Withoutvocabularynothingcanbeconveyed.Wilkins•What’sinaname?ThatwhichwecallaroseByanyothernamewouldsmellassweet.---ShakespeareSound-meaningRelationship音义关系•Thereisnologicalconnectionbetweenthesoundandmeaningofwords.•Thesymbolicconnectionbetweensoundandmeaningofwordsisalmostalwaysarbitrary(任意的).•Thesymbolicconnectionbetweensoundandmeaningofwordsisalmostalwaysarbitrary(任意的).SoundandMeaningpingpongbangcuckoocrackOnomatopoeia拟声词•Whatevidenceisgiveninthetexttoprovethatthesound-meaningrelationshipofwordsisarbitrary?P8SoundandForm(spelling)声音与形式•Thewrittenformofanaturallanguageisthewrittenrecordoftheoralform.•Thewrittenformshouldagreewiththeoralform.•ButinfactEnglishspellingisoftenanimperfectrepresentationofthespokenform.Examplesofdisagreementbetweensoundandspelling•Plough•Cough•Comb•Have•CaveReasonsforSound-formDisagreement•TheinternalreasonthattheEnglishalphabetwasadoptedfromLatin.•Pronunciationchangedmorerapidlythanspelling.•Earlyscribes(抄写员)createdsomedifferences.•Inthelate1500,printinghelpedtofreezespelling.•Borrowingofwords.Comparethefollowingpairs:•Condemn,condemnation•bomb,bombard•Hymn,hymnal•Resign,resignation•Paradigm,paradigmaticWordandVocabularyInordertoimprovemyreadingcomprehensionability,IneedtoA.enlargemy________.B.learnmore________.•ThegeneralestimateofEnglishvocabularyisoveronemillionwords.•JohnhasagoodknowledgeofMiddleEnglishvocabulary.•ThevocabularyofBlackEnglishprovedtoodifficultforme.•Thefive-year-oldchildhasacquiredavocabularyofover2000words.•Thisarticlegivesagoodintroductionofspecializedvocabularyofnuclearphysics.Vocabulary•Thetotalnumberofthewordsinalanguage.•Allthewordsusedinaparticularperiod.•Allthewordsofagivendialect.•Allthewordspossessedbyaperson.•Allthewordsofagivendiscipline.Vocabulary•Vocabularyreferstothetotalnumberofthewordsinalanguage.Italsostandsforallthewordsusedinaparticularhistoricalperiod,ofagivendialectordiscipline,orpossessedbyaperson.ClassificationofWords词汇的分类BasicWordStockandNonbasicVocabulary基本词汇和非基本词汇•Rain,snow,fire,water,sun,moon,spring,summer,wind,hill;•Head,foot,hand,face,father,mother,son•Apple,tree,horse,cow,cat,dog,sheep•Come,go,eat,beat,carry,old,young•One,ten,hundred,I,you,who,but,as,tillThecommoncoreofthelanguage.Dothesebelongtobasicwordstock?•Doyouknowwhatsubjectmatterjurisdictionis?•DuetoHabeasCorpus,youandMissFontanahadacommonlawmarriage,whichentitleshertowhatislegallyreferredtoasequitabledivisionoftheassets.•Duetothefactthatyouretainedtheresidence,MissFontanaisentitledtofullcaninepropertyownership.We’llenforcethatownershiprightnow.•subjectmatterjurisdiction诉讼标的管辖权；事物管辖权•DuetoHabeasCorpus人身保护法,commonlawmarriage习惯法婚姻,同居婚姻,•equitabledivisionoftheassets资产平均分配•Duetothefactthatyouretainedtheresidence,MissFontanaisentitledtofullcaninepropertyownership.We’llenforcethatownershiprightnow.NonbasicVocabulary非基本词汇•Photoscanning,indigestion,algebra•Terminology术语•Hypo,buster,bargainingchips•Jargon行话•Dough(money),pot(drug)slang俚语•Can-opener(all-purposekey),dip(pickpocket)argot黑话NonbasicVocabulary非基本词汇•Terminology术语technicaltermsusedinparticulardisciplinesandacademicareas•Jargon行话specializedwordsusedbymembersofparticularartssciences,tradesandprofessionsamongthemselves•slang俚语sub-standardwords•argot黑话jargonofcriminalsNonbasicVocabulary非基本词汇•Terminology术语•Jargon行话•slang俚语•argot黑话•Dialectalwords方言词•Archaism古语词•Neologism新词CharacteristicsofBasicWordStock•Allnationalcharacter全民性•Stability稳定性•Productivity能产性•Polysemy多义性•Collocability搭配性Summary•Lexicology•Wordandvocabulary•Soundandmeaning•Soundandform•Classificationofwords