在湿滑跑道上的起飞性能解读

TakeoffPerformanceonContaminatedandSlipperyRunways在湿滑跑道上的起飞性能Agenda:议题BasicRegulationsandDefinitions基本规则和定义PhysicsofContaminatedRunways受污染跑道的物理性质OperationalPractice运行常规OperationalData/Applications运行数据/应用AirplaneTakeoffPerformance飞机起飞性能Contaminatedrunway受污染的跑道–Acceleration/decelerationcapability(Slush,standingwater,snowcovered)加速/减速能力(泥泞,积水,雪覆盖)Slipperyrunway滑跑道–Decelerationcapability(Icecovered,compactedsnow,orwet)减速能力(结冰,压紧的雪,或湿)RegulatoryRequirements法规要求FAAOperators在FAA法规下运行的航空公司Historically过去NodefinitiveregulatoryrequirementsforcontaminatedorslipperyrunwayperformanceadjustmentsinPart25or12125和121部分,没有明确的法规要求湿或滑跑道起飞的性能调整Current(737-6/7/8/900)-现在WetrunwayispartofAFMcertificationbasisNodefinitiveregulatoryrequirementsforcontaminatedorslippery(non-wet)湿跑道是AFM认证基础的一部分,受污染或滑(不湿)跑道没有明确的法规要求ProposedAdvisoryCircular91-6Bincludes:提议的咨询通告91-6B包含:Guidelinesfortakeoffandlandingwithwater,slush,snoworiceonrunway在积水,泥泞,积雪或结冰跑道起飞,降落的指南–15-footscreenheightforaccelerate-go加速起飞于跑道头达到机轮离地15英尺高度–Definesbrakingcoefficientusedforaccelerate-stopdistancecalculation定明使用在加速-停机距离计算的刹车系数–Reversethrustcreditforaccelerate-stop反推帮助加速-停机Includeswetrunway包含湿跑道Definescontaminatedrunway定义受污染的跑道RunwayisWetwhen:跑道是湿的,当:Pavementthoroughlysoaked道面完全湿透Shinyinappearance表面发亮Depthlessthan1/8inch(3mm)ofwater积水厚度小于3毫米RunwayisCONTAMINATEDwhen:*跑道是受污染的,当:Morethan25%ofthesurfacetobeusediscoveredbystandingwaterorslushmorethan1/8inch(3mm)deep超过25%的使用道面被厚度超过3毫米的积水或泥泞覆盖OR或*AsdefinedbyFAAAdvisoryCircular91-6BFAA咨询通告91-6BHasanaccumulationofsnoworice(Note:AtBoeing,weconsidercompactsnowandIceasslipperyrunwayfordatapresentationpurposes)积雪或结冰(注:为了数据表达的目的,波音公司认为压紧的雪和结冰是滑跑道)Additionalconsiderations:进一步的考虑Ifthecontaminantsarelyingonthatportionoftherunwaywherethehighspeedpartofthetakeoffrollwilloccur,itmaybeappropriatetoconsidertherunwaycontaminated.如果跑道污染的部分是在起飞高速滑跑的位置,可以认为跑道是受污染的.DoNOTtakeoffwhenthedepthofstandingwaterorslushismorethan:1/2inch(13mm)deep当积水或泥泞厚度超过1/2英寸(13毫米),不要起飞Agenda:议题BasicRegulationsandDefinitions基本规则和定义PhysicsofContaminatedRunways受污染跑道的物理性质OperationalPractice运行常规OperationalData/Applications运行数据/应用TakeoffDistanceIsProportionalto起飞距离和加速度成反比LargeAcceleration(a)ShortTakeoff大的加速度Distance短起飞距离SmallAcceleration(a)LongTakeoff小的加速度Distance长起飞距离1aDryRunwayAcceleration乾跑道加速度Friction摩擦力Drag阻力Thrust推力gWa=Thrust-Drag-Friction[]加速度=重力加速度/重量(推力-阻力-摩擦力)AccelerationwithSlush/StandingWater泥泞/积水时的加速度gWa=Thrust-Drag-Friction-SlushDragSlushDrag泥泞阻力[]Friction摩擦力Drag阻力Thrust推力加速度=重力加速度/重量(推力-阻力-摩擦力-泥泞阻力)Slushforce泥泞力Groundspeed地速SlushForce泥泞力VHP滑水速度Hydroplaning滑水效应AllEngineAccelerationCapability-130Knots全发加速能力6mmofslush--10-20%reductioninallengineacceleration6毫米厚度泥泞--减低全发加速10-20%13mmofslush--20-40%reductioninallengineacceleration13毫米厚度泥泞--减低全发加速20-40%AllengineaccelerationKt/sec全发加速海里/秒乾跑道6毫米13毫米747767757737乾跑道6毫米13毫米乾跑道6毫米13毫米乾跑道6毫米13毫米4.03.02.01.00.0EngineOutAccelerationCapability--130Knots单发失效条件下的加速能力6mmofslush--15-50%reductioninengineoutacceleration6毫米泥泞--减低单发失效条件下加速15-50%13mmofslush--30-110%reductioninengineoutacceleration13毫米泥泞--减低单发失效条件下加速30-110%7470.01.02.03.04.06毫米1/41/41/213毫米1/2Dryallengine乾跑道全发加速-0.5单发失效乾跑道7677577376毫米13毫米单发失效乾跑道6毫米13毫米单发失效乾跑道6毫米13毫米单发失效乾跑道Dryallengine乾跑道全发加速accelerationKt/sec加速,海里/秒Dryallengine乾跑道全发加速Dryallengine乾跑道全发加速OneEngineInoperativeDecelerationCapability130Knots单发失效减速能力DecelerationKt/sec减速海里/秒乾跑道6毫米1/213毫米乾跑道6毫米13毫米乾跑道6毫米13毫米乾跑道6毫米13毫米8.06.04.02.00.0747767757737Dry-AFMperformance-includesmaximumbraking,spoilers,idlethrust乾跑道-AFM性能-包含最大刹车,扰流板,慢车推力Slush-includeswheelbraking,spoilers,reversethrust,andslushdrag泥泞-包含轮刹车,扰流板,反推,和泥泞阻力Agenda:议题BasicRegulationsandDefinitions基本规则和定义PhysicsofContaminatedRunways受污染跑道的物理性质OperationalPractice运行常规OperationalData/Applications运行数据/应用BoeingContaminatedRunwayDataAdjustments波音受污染跑道数据修正Package1-Allenginesoperating第一部-全部发动机操作–Weightreduction减少重量–NoV1adjustmentprovided没有提供V1修正值–Preserves15%marginaboveMinimumFARRequiredDryRunwayLength在最低FAR乾跑道长度规定上,保留15%余度Package2-Enginefailureisconsidered-Jarops1第二部-考虑发动机故障–WeightreductionandV1adjustmentprovided–减少重量和提供V1修正–Creditforreversethrust计入反推作用–15footscreenheight在跑道头达到15英尺机轮离地高度DatapresentedinairplaneOperationsManualandPEM飞机运行手册和PEM提供数据ConstantFieldLengthWeightReductionAllEngineData固定跑道长度重量减轻-全发数据Note:Stophasnotbeenconsiderednorhascontinuedtakeofffollowingenginefailure不考虑停机,不考虑单发失效时继续起飞Altitude高度Temperature温度Flap襟翼Fieldlength跑道长度FARDryFieldLengthFAR乾跑道长度Brakereleasegrossweight松刹车起飞全重SlushAllEngineFieldLengthIncreasedDistance增加的距离{泥泞,全发跑道长度ConstantFieldLengthWeightReductionAllEngineData固定跑道长度重量减轻-全发数据Note:Stophasnotbeenconsiderednorhascontinuedtakeofffollowingenginefailure不考虑停机,不考虑单发失效时继续起飞Altitude高度Temperature温度Flap襟翼Fieldlength跑道长度FARDryFieldLengthFAR乾跑道长度Brakereleasegrossweight松刹车起飞全重ConstantFieldLength固定跑道长度SlushAllEngineWeightReduction泥泞,全发重量减轻DWt(slush)重量差泥泞,全发跑道长度SlushAllEngineFieldLengthSampleQRHSlush/StandingWaterWeightAdjustmentAllEngineData-737-300/20KRating样本QRH泥泞/积水重量修正-全发数据ConstantFieldLengthWeightReductionandV1Adj.Engin