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Presentingaspeech（做演讲）Ofallhumancreations,languagemaybethemostremarkable.Throughlanguageweshareexperience,formulatevalues,exchangeideas,transmitknowledge,andsustainculture.Indeed,languageisvitaltothinkitself.Contrarytopopularbelief,languagedoesnotsimplymirrorrealitybutalsohelpstocreateoursenseofrealitybygivingmeaningtoevents.在人类所有的创造中，语言也许是影响最为深远的。我们用语言来分享经验，表达(传递？)价值观，交换想法，传播知识，传承文化。事实上，对语言本身的思考也是至关重要的。和通常所认为的不同的是，语言并不只是简单地反映现实，语言在具体描述事件的时候也在帮助我们建立对现实的感知。——语序的调整。Goodspeakershaverespectforlanguageandknowhowitworks.Wordsarethetoolsofaspeaker’scraft.Theyhavespecialuses,justlikethetoolsofanyotherprofession.Asaspeaker,youshouldbeawareofthemeaningofwordsandknowhowtouselanguageaccurately,clearly,vividly,andappropriately.好的演讲者对语言很重视，也知道如何让它发挥更好的效果。词语是演讲者演讲的重要“武器”，具有特殊的用途，这和任何其他的工作技艺没什么两样。作为演讲者，必须知道词语的具体含义，也要懂得如何做到用词准确、清晰、生动、适当。Usinglanguageaccuratelyisasvitaltoaspeakerasusingnumbersaccuratelytoaaccountant.Neveruseawordunlessyouaresureofitsmeaning.Ifyouarenotsure,lookupthewordinthedictionary.Asyouprepareyourspeeches,askyourselfconstantly,“WhatdoIreallywanttosay?WhatdoIreallymean?”Choosewordsthatarepreciseandaccurate.演讲者准确地使用语言和会计准确使用数字是一样重要的。确定词意后再措词。如果不确定，请先查词典。当你在准备演讲的时候，要不断地问自己：“我到底要说什么？我到底想表达什么意思？”用词一定要精准。Usinglanguageclearlyallowslistenerstograspyourmeaningimmediately.Youcanensurethis[byusingfamiliarwords（thatareknowntotheaveragepersonandrequirenospecializedbackground）;bychoosingconcretewordsinpreferencetomoreabstractones,andbyeliminatingverbalclutter].用词清晰可以让听众迅速理解你的意思（抓到你的点）。要做到这一点，就要尽量使用一般人都熟悉的不需要专业知识就能懂的词语；多用具象词汇少用抽象词汇；还有要减少口误。Usinglanguagevividlyhelpsbringyourspeechtolife.Oneway(tomakeyourspeechvivid)|isthroughimagery，orthecreationofwordpictures.Youcandevelopimagerybyusingconcretelanguage,simile,andmetaphor.Simileisanexplicitcomparisonbetweenthings（thatareessentiallydifferentyethavesomethingincommon）;italwayscontainsthewords“like”or“as”.Metaphorisanimplicitcomparisonbetweenthingsthataredifferentyethavesomethingincommon;itdoesnotcontainthewords“like”or“as”.生动地用词能让演讲鲜活起来！比喻，这种能产生文字图像的修辞，可以使演讲达到生动的效果。比喻要用具象的语言，分为明喻和隐喻。明喻是指在本质上有区别但仍然有相同点的事物之间做一个明确的比较，一般句中会含有“像”或“似”。隐喻则是一种隐藏的比较，不会出现like和as这些连接词。Anotherwaytomakeyourspeechesvividisbyexploitingtherhythmoflanguage.Fourdevicesforcreatingrhythmareparallelism,repetition,alliteration,andantithesis.Parallelismisthesimilararrangementofapairorseriesofrelatedwords,phrases,orsentences.Repetitionistheuseofthesamewordorsetofwordsatthebeginningorendofsuccessiveclausesorsentences.Alliterationcomesfromrepeatingtheinitialconstantsoundsofcloseoradjoiningwords.Antithesisisthejuxtapositionofcontrastingideas,usuallyinparallelstructure.我们还可以充分利用语言的节奏感使演讲更加生动活泼。具体有以下四种方式——排比，反复，押头韵和对偶。排比是指把一组或一系列相关的字词句以相似结构排列起来。反复是指在连续几个从句或句子的开头或结尾处使用相同的词和词组。押头韵则是通过重复相邻之间单词首个辅音实现的。对偶通常是用平行的结构将相反的想法并列在一起。Usinglanguageappropriatelymeansadaptingtotheparticularoccasion,audience,andtopicathand.Italsomeansdevelopingyourownlanguagestyleinsteadoftryingtocopysomeoneelse’s.Ifyourlanguageisappropriateinallrespects,yourspeechismuchmorelikelytosucceed.用语恰当意味着遣词造句要与特定的场合，观众以及谈论的话题相适应。这也意味着你得建立自己的语言风格，不能简单抄袭他人。如果使用的语言与各方面都很契合，那么演讲就更有可能取得成功。Goodspeechesarenotcomposedofhotairandunfoundedassertions.Theyneedstrongsupportingmaterialstobolsterthespeaker’spointofview.Infact,theskillfuluseofsupportingmaterialsoftenmakesthedifferencebetweenagoodspeechandapoorone.Thethreebasictypesofsupportingmaterialsareexamples,statisticsandtestimony.好的演讲不能是空话连篇，也不能是一些毫无根据的论断；而是需要有力的论据来支持演讲者的观点。事实上，能否有技巧地使用论据会造成演讲效果的天壤之别。论据有以下三种基本形式：例子，统计资料，引用。Inthecourseofaspeechyoumayusebriefexamples—specificinstancesreferredtoinpassing—andsometimesyoumaywanttogiveseveralbriefexamplesinarowtocreateastrongerimpression.Extendedexamples—oftencalledillustrations,narrations,oranecdotes—arelongerandmoredetailed.Hypotheticalexamplesdescribeimagerysituationsandcanbequiteeffectiveforrelatingideastotheaudience.Allthreekindsofexampleshelptoclarifyideas,toreinforceideas,ortopersonalizeideas.Tobemoreeffective,though,theyshouldbevividandrichlytextured.在演讲时可以简单举例——即附带地提及几个具体的例子——有时也需要接二连三举例来加深印象。延伸举例——也叫解释、叙述或轶事——更长更详尽。假设举例描述的是想象的情景，能够很好地把想法传达给观众。这三种不同的例子都有助于演讲者清晰地表达观点，强调观点并使之打上演讲者的烙印。当然，要想演讲效果更好，演讲本身必须生动且结构丰富！Statisticscanbeextremelyhelpfulinconveyingyourmessage,[aslongasyouusethemsparinglyandexplainthemsotheyaremeaningfultoyouraudience.]Aboveall,youshouldunderstandyourstatisticsandusethemfairly.Numberscaneasilybemanipulatedanddistorted.Makesure{thatyourfiguresarerepresentativeof{whattheyclaimtomeasure},thatyouusestatisticalmeasurescorrectly,andthatyoutakestatisticsonlyfromreliablesources.}统计资料非常有助于演讲者传递信息，因为当演讲者适量地运用这些资料并加以解释时，听众就能更好地理解其中的意义。最重要的是，演讲者必须理解这些统计资料并恰当使用。数字很容易被篡改、误报，因此必须确保自己所使用的数据不是张冠李戴的；必须确保自己使用的统计措施是正确的；必须确保自己的统计资料来源是可靠的。Testimonyisespeciallyhelpfulforstudentspeakers,becausetheyareseldomrecognizedasexpectsontheirspeechtopics.Citingtheviewsofpeople（whoareexperts）isagoodwaytomakeyourideasmorecredible.Whenyouincludetestimonyinaspeech,youcaneitherquotesomeoneverbatimorparaphrasetheirwords.Aswithstatistics,thereareguidelinesforusingtestimony.Besuretoquoteorpa