数字集成电路 电路系统与设计 chapter1

EE141©DigitalIntegratedCircuits2ndIntroduction1DigitalIntegratedCircuitsADesignPerspectiveIntroductionJanM.RabaeyAnanthaChandrakasanBorivojeNikolicJuly30,2002EE141©DigitalIntegratedCircuits2ndIntroduction2Whatisthisbookallabout?Introductiontodigitalintegratedcircuits.CMOSdevicesandmanufacturingtechnology.CMOSinvertersandgates.Propagationdelay,noisemargins,andpowerdissipation.Sequentialcircuits.Arithmetic,interconnect,andmemories.Programmablelogicarrays.Designmethodologies.Whatwillyoulearn?Understanding,designing,andoptimizingdigitalcircuitswithrespecttodifferentqualitymetrics:cost,speed,powerdissipation,andreliabilityEE141©DigitalIntegratedCircuits2ndIntroduction3DigitalIntegratedCircuitsIntroduction:IssuesindigitaldesignTheCMOSinverterCombinationallogicstructuresSequentiallogicgatesDesignmethodologiesInterconnect:R,LandCTimingArithmeticbuildingblocksMemoriesandarraystructuresEE141©DigitalIntegratedCircuits2ndIntroduction4IntroductionWhyisdesigningdigitalICsdifferenttodaythanitwasbefore?Willitchangeinfuture?EE141©DigitalIntegratedCircuits2ndIntroduction5TheFirstComputerTheBabbageDifferenceEngine(1832)25,000partscost:?7,470EE141©DigitalIntegratedCircuits2ndIntroduction6ENIAC-Thefirstelectroniccomputer(1946)EE141©DigitalIntegratedCircuits2ndIntroduction7TheTransistorRevolutionFirsttransistorBellLabs,1948EE141©DigitalIntegratedCircuits2ndIntroduction8TheFirstIntegratedCircuitsBipolarlogic1960’sECL3-inputGateMotorola1966EE141©DigitalIntegratedCircuits2ndIntroduction9Intel4004Micro-Processor19711000transistors1MHzoperationEE141©DigitalIntegratedCircuits2ndIntroduction10IntelPentium(IV)microprocessorEE141©DigitalIntegratedCircuits2ndIntroduction11Moore’sLawIn1965,GordonMoorenotedthatthenumberoftransistorsonachipdoubledevery18to24months.Hemadeapredictionthatsemiconductortechnologywilldoubleitseffectivenessevery18monthsEE141©DigitalIntegratedCircuits2ndIntroduction12Moore’sLaw16151413121110987654321019591960196119621963196419651966196719681969197019711972197319741975LOG2OFTHENUMBEROFCOMPONENTSPERINTEGRATEDFUNCTIONElectronics,April19,1965.EE141©DigitalIntegratedCircuits2ndIntroduction13EvolutioninComplexityEE141©DigitalIntegratedCircuits2ndIntroduction14TransistorCounts1,000,000100,00010,0001,00010100119751980198519901995200020052010808680286i386i486Pentium®Pentium®ProK1BillionTransistorsSource:IntelProjectedPentium®IIPentium®IIICourtesy,IntelEE141©DigitalIntegratedCircuits2ndIntroduction15Moore’slawinMicroprocessors40048008808080858086286386486Pentium®procP60.0010.010.1110100100019701980199020002010YearTransistors(MT)2Xgrowthin1.96years!TransistorsonLeadMicroprocessorsdoubleevery2yearsCourtesy,IntelEE141©DigitalIntegratedCircuits2ndIntroduction16DieSizeGrowth40048008808080858086286386486Pentium®procP611010019701980199020002010YearDiesize(mm)~7%growthperyear~2Xgrowthin10yearsDiesizegrowsby14%tosatisfyMoore’sLawCourtesy,IntelEE141©DigitalIntegratedCircuits2ndIntroduction17FrequencyP6Pentium®proc486386286808680858080800840040.111010010001000019701980199020002010YearFrequency(Mhz)LeadMicroprocessorsfrequencydoublesevery2yearsDoublesevery2yearsCourtesy,IntelEE141©DigitalIntegratedCircuits2ndIntroduction18PowerDissipationP6Pentium®proc486386286808680858080800840040.1110100197119741978198519922000YearPower(Watts)LeadMicroprocessorspowercontinuestoincreaseCourtesy,IntelEE141©DigitalIntegratedCircuits2ndIntroduction19Powerwillbeamajorproblem5KW18KW1.5KW500W40048008808080858086286386486Pentium®proc0.111010010001000010000019711974197819851992200020042008YearPower(Watts)PowerdeliveryanddissipationwillbeprohibitiveCourtesy,IntelEE141©DigitalIntegratedCircuits2ndIntroduction20Powerdensity40048008808080858086286386486Pentium®procP611010010001000019701980199020002010YearPowerDensity(W/cm2)HotPlateNuclearReactorRocketNozzlePowerdensitytoohightokeepjunctionsatlowtempCourtesy,IntelEE141©DigitalIntegratedCircuits2ndIntroduction21NotOnlyMicroprocessorsDigitalCellularMarket(PhonesShipped)19961997199819992000Units48M86M162M260M435MAnalogBasebandDigitalBaseband(DSP+MCU)PowerManagementSmallSignalRFPowerRF(datafromTexasInstruments)CellPhoneEE141©DigitalIntegratedCircuits2ndIntroduction22ChallengesinDigitalDesign“MicroscopicProblems”•Ultra-highspeeddesign•Interconnect•Noise,Crosstalk•Reliability,Manufacturability•PowerDissipation•Clockdistribution.EverythingLooksaLittleDifferent“MacroscopicIssues”•Time-to-Market•MillionsofGates•High-LevelAbstractions•Reuse&IP:Portability•Predictability•etc.…andThere’saLotofThem!DSM1/DSM?EE141©DigitalIntegratedCircuits2ndIntroduction23ProductivityTrends1101001,00010,000100,0001,000,00010,000,000200319811983198519871989199119931995199719992001200520072009101001,00010,000100,0001,000,00010,000,000100,000,000LogicTr./ChipTr./StaffMonth.xxxxxxx21%/Yr.compoundProductivitygrowthratex58%/Yr.compoundedComplexitygrowthrate10,0001,0001001010.10.010.001LogicTransistorperChip(M)0.010.11101001,00010,000100,000Productivity(K)Trans./Staff-Mo.Source:SematechComplexityoutpacesdesignproductivityComplexityCou