British Education System英美文化第七单元

BritishEducationSystemBritishEducationSystemI.IntroductionII.HistoryIII.ThePresentEducationSystemIV.HigherEducationIntroductionIntroduction:ThepurposeofthebritisheducationTherelationbetweeneducationandsocialclassThepunishmentsinBritishschoolsThe“right”schoolsand“right”universitiesTheoldboysnetworkpurposeThepurposeofeducationsysteminBritain:ThethreeRs:reading,writing,andarithmeticToprovidechildrenwithliteracyandtheotherbasicskillstheywillneedtobecomeactivemembersofsocietyTosocialisechildrenToteachpracticalskillsTherelationshipbetweeneducationandsocialclassThestateisheavilyinvolvedindecidingwhen,where,howandwhatchildrenaretaught.Thesedecisionsareoftenverycontroversial.Suchcontroversiesarenotjustabouteducation.TheyreflectthedeepdivisionsinBritainsocietyasawhole.Britainisasocietyinorwhichsocialclassisstillveryimportant:classinequalitycanbeerasedorcontinuedaccordingtoeducationalpolicy.(workingclassandmiddleclass)Thecontinuingdebateoverhow“equal”educationalopportunityshouldbe.(InBritain,theaccentyouspeakwith,theclothesyouwear,andtheschoolsyouattendareallmarkersthatidentifyyoursocialclass.)Theschool(orcollege)tieisaclearmarkerofsocialclassThepunishmentsinBritishschools:CorporalpunishmentiscurrentlybannedintheUK.Lines:InEngland,whenateachergivesyou'lines',youwriteoutthesamesentenceagainandagain,perhapsfiftyorahundredtimes.Forexample,'Imustdomyhomework,'or'Imustnotbelate.'Detention（留堂）:Ifyouare'indetention',youstayafterschooltodoextrawork—possiblylines—forhalfanhourorso.Report:Ifyouare'onreport',youhaveacardwhichyougivetotheteacherattheendofeverylesson.Eachteacherreportsifyouhavebehavedwellorbadly.Exclusion:Ifyouareexcluded,youcannotcometoschoolforafewdaysorweeks.Yourparentsseetheheadteacher.Thisisserious.Expulsion:Ifyouareexpelled,youaresentawayfromyourschool.Thisisveryserious.Youhavetogotoanotherschoolwheretheteachersallknowaboutyourbadrecord.EtonAcademyThefamousboyspublicschoolsSchoolbadgeThefamousboyspublicschoolsWinchesterAcademySchoolbadgeOxford&CambridgeOxford12thCambridge13thOxbridgenicknameTohaveattendthe“right”schoolsandthe“right”universitiesisstillthesinglebestwaytoguaranteeasuccessfulcareer.In2005,46%ofconservativepartymembersofparliamentweregraduatesofOxbridge.MostseniorcivilservantarealsoOxbridgegraduates.CambridgeOxfordSchoolbadgetheoldboysnetworktheelitegroupsofmenwhowenttopublicschoolslikeEtonandWinchester;anduniversitieslikeOxfordandCambridgetogether.Theydominategovernment,andareinfluentialinbanking,themedia,theartsandeducationHistoryHistoryTheBritisheducationsysteminthepastandnowadaysSomewritersandtheirnovels:JaneAusten’sEmmaCharlotteandAnneBronte’snovelsThomasHardy’sJudetheObscureTheinfluenceofthechurchonschooling.GreatchangestoBritisheducation.TheNationalCurriculum.TheinfluenceofthechurchonschoolingHistorically,educationwasvoluntaryandmanyoftheschoolsthatexistedweresetupbychurchs.Todayitisstillstrong.Recentlyreligiouseducationwastheonlysubjectwhichthestateinsistedallschoolsteachtheirpupils(dailyprayersandsinginghymns)Christianityisnolongertheonlyreligionofficiallyrecognised(Islanmcreligion)GreatchangestoBritisheducation1).governmentinvolvementintakingresponsibilitiesfortheeducationofchildren.In1870,alawwaspassedtocallforgovernment–fundededucation.2).by1880,attendanceatschoolforchildrenbetween5and10wascompulsory.Andbytheendofthe1stworldWartheschoolleavingagewasraisedto14todissuadechildrenfromleavingschooltosupporttheirfamilies.ThechangeofreasonisinfluenceoftheIndustrialRevolution,thegovernment’sdecision.GreatchangestoBritisheducation3).aneweducationalsystememphasizingequalitywasconstructedafterthe2ndWorldwarwiththeassistanceofchurchandtradeunions.4).The1944EducationActmadeentrytosecondary(middle)schoolsanduniversities“meritocratic”.Childrenwouldbeadmittedtoschoolsbecauseoftheiracademicperformance.5).Comprehensiveschoolswereintroducedalloverthecountry,whichendedthedivisionbetweengrammarschoolsandvocationalschools6).in1976,theLaborPartystarted“theGreatEducationDebate”---abouttheinadequateskillsofthelaborforce.GreatchangestoBritisheducationComparethesecondaryschoolscomprehensiveschools----admitchildrenwithoutreferencetotheiracademicabilities.Suchschoolsprovideageneraleducation.Pupilscanstudyeverythingfromacademicsubjectslikeliteratureandsciences,tomorepracticalsubjectslikecookingandcarpentry.ForeignlanguagesaretaughtasanintegralpartoftheNationalCurriculum,reflectingtheimportanceofBritain’srelationshipwithEurope.grammarschools----wherethemostacademicallycapablepupilsweresenttobepreparedforuniversity.vocationalschools----wherelesssuccessfulpupilsweresenttolearntrades.ComparethesecondaryschoolsGreatchangestoBritisheducation7)in1989,theConservativePartyledbyMargaretThatcherthoughtjobtrainingwasimportantandintroducedaNationalCurriculumandunifiedsubjects.studentshavetopassnationaltestsandschoolsaremarkedaccordingtothesuccessoftheirpupilsinreachingnationaltargets.TheNationalCurriculumhasreinforcedcompetitionsbetweenschools.goodschoolsattractgoodpupilsandthereforeattractmorefun