搜索
Lecture2TheParagraphOutline•1.关于段落•2.段落的三成分•3.段落的三要素•4.段落的拓展方法•5.练习关于段落•段落就是用一系列在逻辑和结构上有联系的句子来表述一个中心思想。段落的实质性问题就是必须把中心思想表述清楚，段落的长短取决于它在文章中的地位。一般说来，段落由三个部分组成(过渡性段落除外)，即：主题句、扩展句和结论句。提出中心思想topicsentence解释说明中心思想supportsentence总结重申中心思想conclusion段落的三成分——主题句•主题句是表示一个段落的中心思想的完整句子，这种句子是一种高度概括性的陈述，而不涉及具体细节。根据具体写作的需要，主题句可放在段首、段中、段尾，或段首段尾两次出现，或不明确写出，而是暗示出来。写作的主要意图就是要让读者明白我们要表达的主要意思，这就是主题句的作用。因此，在撰写主题句时，最好开门见山，直接点名主题。Theroomislocatedonthefifthfloorofthehoghbuilding.Onethirdofitstotalfloorspaceistakenupbyadoublebed.Facingit,inthecornerbehindthedoor,standsacupboardloadedwithpots,bowls,dishes,bottles,andbagsofriceandflour.Adeskcompletelyfillsthegapbetweenthebedandthewallwiththewindow.Behindthedeskisachair,theonlyoneintheroom;anditalmosttouchesthebosexandtrunkspiledagainstthewallontheoppositeside.主题句的形态主题（atopic）作者的观点（anopinionorstatement）•Thebenefitsofparticipatinginsportsarenumerous.•Myfavoriteprogramis“Friend”.•Ienjoytheprogramsaboutrealpeopleandrealexperience.判断下面三个句子中哪一个句子作为主题句开头最能体现写作的目的。•Myroomisonthesecondfloorofourhouse.•Myroomisthemessiestroomonthesecondfloorofourhouse.主题句的作用•提示读者这一段的主要写作目的是什么•让读者产生预感，知道其后大致要涉及什么内容。Peopleviewmoneydifferently.Somepeopleconsidermoneytherootofallevil.主题句的特点•1.主题句应具有概括性，而扩展句需要具体。•Eachprogramwillfocusonaparticularfriendwhocanbeeitheracelebrityoraneverydayperson.•Friendisaverypopulartalkshow.•Thecostofmakingfakeproductsisusuallylowerthanrealones.•Wehavetowonderwhyfakeproductsaresoprevalent.•2.主题句应是一种观点而不是一个具体的事实。如:•Manycollegestudentsdopart-timejob.•Manycollegestudentsdopart-timejobsforvariousreasons.•Manypeoplebuypiratedproductsbecausethepriceismuchlowerthanlegalones.•Thereasonwhypeoplebuypiratedproductsisvarious.•GeneralStatement(一般陈述句)•SpecificStatement(具体陈述句)•Thepersonateabigmeal.•Sandyateadozeneggs,apoundofbacon,sixpiecesoftoastanddrankaglassoforangejuicebeforeshewenttoclassthismorning.•Supplyatopicsentenceforeachofthefollowingparagraphs:•Differentcolorsusuallystandfordifferentfeelings.…Red,forexample,isthecoloroffire,heat,bloodandlife.Peoplesayredisanexcitingandactivecolor.Theyassociateredwithastrongfeelinglikeanger.Redisalsousedforsignsofdanger,suchasstopsignsandfireengines.Orangeisthebright,warmcolorofleavesinautumn.Peoplesayorangeisalivelycolor.Theyassociateorangewithhappiness.Yellowisthecolorofsunlight.Peoplesayitisacheerfulcolor.Theyassociateyellow,too,withhappiness.Greenisthecoolcolorofgrassinspring.Peoplesayitisarefreshingcolor.•Roadisimportantinthedevelopmentofhistory.…Itistheroadwhichdeterminesthesitesofmanycitiesandthegrowthandnourishmentofall.Itistheroadwhichcontrolsthedevelopmentofstrategiesandfixesthesitesofbattles.Itistheroadthatgivesitsframe-worktoalleconomicdevelopment.Itistheroadwhichisthechannelofalltrade,and,whatismoreimportant,ofallideas.Initsmosthumblefunctionitisanecessaryguidewithoutwhichprogressfromplacetoplacewouldbeaceaselessexperiment;itisasustenancewithoutwhichorganizedsocietywouldbeimpossible,thustheroadmovesandcontrolsallhistory.•Acatisnotasdevotedasadog.Adogwillfollowhismasteranywhere,butacatkeepstothehouseitisusedto;andevenwhenthehousechangeshands,thecatwillremainthere,solongasitiskindlytreatedbythenewowners.Acatdoesnotseemtobecapableofthepersonaldevotionoftenshownbyadog.Itthinksmostofitsowncomfort,anditsloveisonlycupboardlove主题句写作提示GoodtopicsentencesWhy1.IntroducethetopicimmediatelySoyourreaderknowswhatyouwillwriteabout.Soyouknowwhatyouwillwriteabout.段落的三成分——支持句•主题句的后面必须要跟上几个支持句用来进一步阐述、解释、说明主题句。可以用具体的事例、证据或进一步论证的手法来达到支持主题句的目的。•一个段落的支持句有主要支持句(majorsupportingsentences)和次要支持句(minorsupportingsentences)之分。•主要支持句的特点是围绕段落主题句展开，每一个支持句本身都不要求作进一步的说明或证明，句与句之间的关系是相互独立又是互相连接的。•次要支持句是指对主要支持句作进一步的事实分析和举例说明。它从属于某一个或某几个支持句。•Thereareseveralfactorsaffectingclimate.Onefactoristheamountofsunlightreceived.Altitude,ortheheightabovethesealevel,alsodeterminesclimate.Theoceanshaveaneffectontheclimateofadjacent（邻近的）land.Inaddition,climateisinfluencedbythegeneralcirculation(循环）oftheatmosphere.Butthepiratedproductsreallydomuchharm.First,theyinfringeintellectualpropertyrights.Second,theyoffendagainsttherulesofthemarket.Asaresultofpiracy,companiesinvestingininventionwillinevitablyrunbankruptcyandoursocietywillstopwhereitis.习作评析CanMoneyBuyHappiness1.有人认为金钱是幸福之本（sourceofhappiness）2.也有人认为金钱是万恶之源（rootofallevil）3.我的看法（myopinion）Somesaythatsocietytodayisbasedonmoney.Thereisno(主题句)questionthatmoneyisimportantinourlives.Peopleview（主题句）（转折句）moneydifferently.Somepeopleconsidermoneyasourceof(主题句)happiness.Tothem,moneyiseverything.Theydreamof（主要支持句）（次要支持句）luxuryhomes,clothes,jewelry,etc.Inotherwords,they（次要支持句）dreamofaluxuriouslifestyle.Theycannotimaginelife（次要支持句）withoutmoneyandmaterialthings.Thereasonsofthisphenomenonareveryevident.Firstly,thelowerpriceofpiratedproductsattractmostpeople.Manyofusprefertobuypiratedbooksinlowerpricethanbuyalegaleditioninveryhighprice.Secondly,piratedproductsdonotnecessarilymeanpoorquality.Thirdly,inourcountry,people’slawawarenessisverypoor.Mostofusdonotrealizetheharmofpiratedproducts.Themainreasonthepiratedproductssopopularisthatpeopledidn’tawareit’sharmfult