A BOOK REVIEW OF A SAND COUNTY ALMANAC

AbookreviewofASandCountyAlmanac------Leopold’sviewofnaturalcognitiveapproachAbstractInthebookASandCountyAlmanac,LeopoldholdstheideathatschooleducationandProfessionalizationone-sidedpeople’sperspectiveofnatureandhaschangedournaturalCognitiveapproachtoaseeminglyprogressiveway.Startingfromthisidea,thispaperanalyzesthestartingpointofLeopold'sperceptualaspectandrationalstartingpoint,andmakesacommentonthediscussionofthelandethics.ThispaperarguesthatLeopold'slandethicfocusmainlyliesinthechangesofthenaturalwayofhumancognition.Humanknowledgeofnatureshouldnotmainlyrelyonschooleducation,butratheronfirsthandexperiencesinnature.Suchchangescancausepeopletobemorenaturalandemotional,inordertoderivedfromtheconceptofcommunityandethics.Onthebasisofthis,inrecentyears,theriseofthedeepecologynatureisalwayswithLeopold.AnoverviewofthispaperLeopoldisrecognizedasthepioneerofwildanimalmanagementstudyandfounderofthenewenvironmenttheory.Leopold'sASandCountyAlmanacisanaturalcombinationofhistoryandphilosophy.LaterSilentSpringandmostoftheenvironmentalphilosophybooksbasicallyfollowthewayofwriting.Ingeneral,thebookiscomposedofthreeparts,thefirstpartistheauthor’srecordinthefarmhepurchased.ThesecondpartisareviewandReflectionontheworkthathasbeendonebefore.Thethirdpartisthesummaryoftheauthor'sexperienceandthinkingafteradiscussionofthethreepart.Stepbystep,thisbookseemsverynaturalandeasytoread.Leopold'smostrepresentativeisthelandethic,thusmostofthecommentsforLeopoldorresearchonhimarealsousinglandethicasthestartingpoint.Butinfact,thecriterionoflandethicsisonlyanexportLeopoldfoundtosolvetheproblemshefaced.Thelandethicandnotthemostimportant,thecommunityisalsonotthemostimportant.Themostimportantthingisthestartingpointandthereasonforallofthis.Infact,themainproblemsinthisbookisthehumandevelopmentmodel.Inotherwords,itisthemaindirectionofhumandevelopmentinsciencesincetheindustrialrevolutionthatcauseallthechangingattitudetowardsthenature,andthustothereflectionofthedevelopmentpattern.Theoriginalhumanknowledgeofnatureandwaysofmodernhumanknowaboutnaturearedifferent,modernhumansknowaboutthenatureinschool,theoriginalwayisthathumaniseducatedbynatureitself.Insimpleterms,thehumannatureeducationliesinaloveofnature,andthisfeelingcancreateaholisticworldviewonnatureandthedemandsoftheprotectionoftheoverallnatural.Solandethicgenerallyisconsideredtobebasedonthetheoryofenvironmentalholism.Andschooleducationistechnicalandprofessional,soitcan’tseethefull.Thiswillleadtothestudentsofschooleducationoftenfailtoprotectthenatureasawhole,theytendtoproducealotofwrongdecisions.Thesedecisionsmostlyseemtobeintheprotectionofnatural,butinfactjustdamages.Leopoldonthisbasis,putsforwardtheconceptoflandethicandthecommunityjustwantingtosolvethisproblem.landethicsandcommunityPeopleresearchinglandethicscertainlydonotletgotheconceptofcommunityandbecauseoftheconceptofthecommunity,ethics,naturallygenerated.Sowhattodiscussiswhythelandisinthecommunity.Leopoldusestheinductivemethodoftheevolutiontheory.Butasbefore,alltheoriesthatLeopoldusesarejustexportsofaproblem,andtheproblemishowtotreatorprotectthenatural.Puttingforwardlandethicandtheconceptofthecommunitycanbearationalpointofviewtoexplaintheconceptofnaturalprotectionoffurther.Peopleusuallyshowrespecttoeverymemberofthecommunity,andofcoursetothecommunityitself.Thelandethicistoputhumansinthecommunityfromtheconqueror'sroletoanequalmemberofthecitizens,sothefarmerswon’tignorethecommunitybenefitatthesametimecaringabouttheirowninterests.Puttingthelandasawholeintotheconceptofcommunityisconvenientforpeopletoprotectnaturerationally.AlsoattheendofthebookLeopoldcarriedouthisemotionalstartingpoint.Thusthepremiseoflandethicshastwo.Thefirstislove,respectandpraiseandthesecondistorealizeitsvalue.Thecriticismoftheschooleducationandtheso-calledscientificprogressObviouslypeople’sunderstandingofnatureandschooleducationonpeopleunderstandingthenaturedidn’tmeetthesetwopoints.Thisisreflectedinthebookinthepartofcriticismforschooleducationandscientificprogress.InLeopold'sopinion,collegeeducationmakespeople’sviewonnatureverycold.Avigorousareaismayjustahardrockyregion”intheeyesofthepeoplejustbecauseitisnotsuitableforsawingandgrazingfarming.Butsomepeoplecanacquireunbelievableknowledgeinnature,fromthesamescenerytheycanreadthehistoryandcultureofmankind,becausethewildernessisapartofhumancivilization.Alsotheuniversityisverycold,peoplewhoresearchtheecologicalsystemofsoil,plantandanimalisaprofessor,analyzinganimalsandplants’structurecompositionmechanismiscalledresearch,andsomewhereanimalsandplantsweredismemberediscalleduniversity.Notonlytheyarecold,buttheprofessorandtheso-calledscientistsisoftenlackofforesight,becausetheyvalueonlyoneaspect.Intheswampelegy,theauthorexpoundsthatvaluingonlyoneaspectofthedecisionislackofforesight.Theswampisusuallyacarbonsink,becausethemarshflowslowly,itcanthrottleorganicmatter.Afterthemarshdryout,thesourcesoftheorganicdisappears,cropwillgetworseeveryyear.Inthebookpeoplelikedistantpoliticians,economistsandplannerstriedtohelp,buttheyarejustfromtheirownhan