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Chapter2Morphologicalstructureandword-formationTeachingObjectives:Discussmorphemes,theirclassificationandidentification;Explaintherelationshipbetweenmorphemesandword-formation.TeachingFocus:Definitionofmorphemes&allomorphs;Typesofmorphemes:freemorpheme&boundmorpheme;Definitionsofroot,stemandbase.2.1ThecomponentpartsofawordMorpheme1.Definition:theminimalsignificantelement,thesmallestunitofgrammaticalanalysis,havingorshowingagrammaticalfunction(-s,-ment,-ed…).OtherdefinitionsofamorphemeThemorpheme(词素)isthesmallestmeaningfullinguisticunitoflanguage,notdivisibleoranalyzableintosmallerforms.Morpheme2.AnalysingmorphemeWordsarecomposedofmorphemes.e.g.Onemorphemeword:cat,dog,desk,clerk,watch,etc.Twomorphemeword:lovely,worker,enable,etc.Threemorphemeword:unacceptable,inability,etc.Fourormoremorphemeword:officer-in-charge,amanofletters,unacceptability,decentralize,etc.Let’staketheword“nation”forexample:Onemorpheme:nationTwomorphemes:nation-alThreemorphemes:nation-al-izeFourmorphemes:de-nation-al-ize3.IdentifyingMorphemesHowtoidentifymorphemes?Theyshouldbeidentifiablebytheirforms,meaninganddistribution.e.g.mono-morphemic:skydouble-morphemic:chill+y,boy+ishtriple-morphemic:un+dress+edfour-morphemic:un+fruit+ful+nessover-four-morphemic:un+gentle+man+li+ness2.2ContentMorphemes,GrammaticalMorphemes&AllomorphsClassificationsofMorphemesfreevs.boundmorphemesintermsoftheircapacitytooccuraloneornotcontent/lexicalvs.grammaticalmorphemeonasemanticandsyntacticbasisderivationalvs.inflectionalmorphemesapplyingtoaffixesonly1)Freevs.BoundMorphemesMorphemeswhichareindependentofothermorphemesarefree.Freemorphemeshavecompletemeaningsinthemselvesandcanbeusedasfreegrammaticalunitsinsentences.自由语素是能独立运用的语素，它有完整的意义，在句中充当一个自由的语法单位。e.g.:man,wind,open,tour,etc.Morphemeswhichcannotoccurasseparatewordsarebound.Theyareboundtoothermorphemestoformwordsortoperformaparticulargrammaticalfunction.粘着语素/形位不能独立成词，只能依附于其他语素上以构成词或担当一定的语法功能。Freemorphemesareallroots/freeroots,whicharecapableofbeingusedaswordsorasword-buildingelementstoformnewwords.自由语素都是词根,也叫自由词根,能用作词或作为构成新词的构词要素。Boundmorphemesmainlyconsistofaffixes.粘着语素主要包括词缀。e.g.:prefixes:in-,un-,dis-,en-,etc.suffixes:-tion,-ist,-ic,-al,-ness,etc.2)ContentMorphemesvs.GrammaticalMorphemesContentmorphemes,knownasfreemorphemes,refertothosethatmayconstitutewordsbythemselves:cat,walk,kind,man,wind,faith,red,write…Content/Lexical词汇morphemesaremorphemesusedfortheconstructionofnewwordsasincompoundwords(blackbirdiscoinedonthebasisof2lexicalmorphemes:blackandbird.),andderivationalmorphemessuchas–ship,-ize.Grammaticalmorphemes,knownasboundmorphemes,refertothosethatmustappearwithatleastoneothermorpheme,eitherboundorfree:cat+s,walk+ing,un+kind….Theyarealsocalledaffixes,whicharesegmentsaddedtoaroot.Grammaticalmorphemesfunctionprimarilyasgrammaticalmarkers.Theyencompassbothinflectionalaffixes(-books)andfreemorphemes(in,and,do,have,they…functionalwords)3)Derivationalvs.InflectionalMorphemesDerivationalmorphemesareusedtoderivenewwordswhentheyareaddedtoanothermorpheme.InEnglishderivativesandcompoundsareallformedbysuchmorphemes.派生语素/形位附着于其它语素可派生出新词。英语中派生词和合成词都是由这样的语素构成的。Inflectionalmorphemesindicatethesyntacticrelationshipsbetweenwordsandfunctionasgrammaticalmarkers.Inflectionalmorphemesareconfinedtosuffixes.屈折语素作为语法标记表示词的语法意义，屈折语素只限于词缀。AllomorphsMorphsrefertocertainphonologicalandorthographicalforms.Morphsareactualspoken,minimalcarriersofmeaning.形素是口语中最小的意义载体。Thephoneticororthographicstringsorsegmentswhichrealizemorphemesaretermed‘morphs’.Whenthepluralmarkerortheboundmorpheme{s}isaddedtocat,dog,andhorse,itispronounceddifferentlyas/-s,-z,-iz/andthushasthreephonologicalforms;thethreeformsarejustthevariantsofthesamemorpheme{s},i.e.theallomorphsofthemorpheme{s}.Allomorphsreferstothevariantsofthesamemorpheme(-s,-ed,forexample).Themorphemeofplurality{-s}:/s/aftervoicelessconsonants/t,p,k/;/z/aftervoicedconsonants/d,b,g,l/;/iz/afterletterssuchas/s,z,…/Themorphemeofpasttense{-ed}:/t/aftervoicelessconsonants/p,k,f/;/d/aftervoicedconsonantsorvowelssuchas/b,g,v/;/id/afterwordsendingwiththeletters/t/&/d/.Aprefixlikein-occursbeforesomeconsonantsandvowels(inflexible,incomplete).itsallomorphsareir-beforer(irregular,irresponsible);il-beforel(illogical,illegal,illiterate);im-beforep,b,orm(imperfect,imbalance,immobile);Exercisesdecentralizationhalf-heartedunfriendlinessamanoflettersdownfallpower-drunkde-,center,-al,-ize,-ationhalf,heart,-edun-,friend-,ly-,-nessa,man,of,letter,-sdown,fallpower,drink,2.3MethodsofWord-formationTeachingObjectives:Tohelpstudentsmastertherulesofwordformationandcultivatetheirabilitytograspthemeaningsofwordsthroughword-formation.TeachingFocus:Tounderstandandgraspthedefinitionofthefollowingtermsandtheirfeaturesinformingnewwords:blending;clipping;acronymy;backformation;soundreduplication;commonizationofpropernamesMethodsUsedtoFormWordsAffixation(30%-40%)↘Compounding(28%-30%)→ThemostproductivemethodsConversion(26%)↗↗clippedwordsShortening(8%-10%)→initialisms↘acronymsBlending1%-5%Backformation2.3.1AffixationAffixesarefor