复旦研究生综合英语2修订版-Unit10

Unit10WhateverHappenedtoPrivacy?U10AdditionallnformationfortheTeacher’sReferenceTextWhateverHappenedtoPrivacy?Warm-upActivitiesFurtherReadingWritingSkillsAdditionalWorkUnit10WhateverHappenedtoPrivacy?Warm-upActivities1.Canyouexplainwhatprivacyiswithyourownwords?2.WhatarethedifferentattitudestowardsprivacyinChinaandtheWest?3.Whatcanwedotoprotectourprivacy?Warm-up1.1Unit10WhateverHappenedtoPrivacy?WilliamZinsser(1922-)isawriterandprofessorwhobeganhiscareerasajournalist.OnOctober7,1922,WilliamZinsserwasborninNewYorkCity.AfterattendingPrinceton,heservedintheU.S.ArmyduringWWII.HereturnedtoNewYorkCityafterthewar,joiningthestaffoftheNewYorkHeraldTribune,whereheworkedasafeaturewriter,dramaeditor,filmcritic,andeditorialwriter.In1959,afterthirteenyearswiththeNewYorkHeraldTribune,heleftjournalismtobecomeafreelancewriter,andforsomeyearshewasaregularcontributortomajornationalmagazinessuchaslookandlifeAIFTTR1.1AdditionallnformationfortheTeacher’sReference1.WilliamZinsserUnit10WhateverHappenedtoPrivacy?AIFTTR1.2magazinesandtheNewYorkTimes.In1970,hejoinedtheEnglishfacultyatYaleUniversity.AmonghismajorbooksareSeenAnyGoodMoviesLately?(1958),TheCityDwellers(1962),andTheLunacyBoom(1970).ZinsserismostfamousforthemodernclassicOnWritingWell,abookthatgrewoutofhispopularwritingclassatYale.Originallypublishedin1976,thebookhascomeoutinsixeditions,sellingwelloveramillioncopies(thebookhasoccupiedaspecialplaceinmylibraryforover25years).WhateverHappenedtoPrivacy?ischosenfromTheHaircurlPapers,abookofessayspublishedin1964.Unit10WhateverHappenedtoPrivacy?AIFTTR2.12.PrivacyandRightofPrivacyintheUnitedStatesPrivacyismuchrespectedintheUnitedStatesintermsofsocialcontactsanddailyactivities.Americansavoidaskingquestionsconcerningothers’income,ageespeciallyforwomenandsomeothersensitiveissueswhenitseemsnottobetheappropriatetimeforraisingsuchquestions.Forinstanceonewon’taskhisfriend’smaritalorjob-seekingdevelopmentswhenhisfriendisapparentlyinaveryembarrassingorunpleasantmood.Howevertabootopicswithregardtoprivacymayvarywiththeintimacyorpersonalrelations.Privacy-protectionisreducedtotheleastdegreewhenintimateloverstalk,butsomethingstillremainsuntouchedandpersonalevenUnit10WhateverHappenedtoPrivacy?AIFTTR2.2amongpeopleinlove.Italsodependsonthecontext.Speakersmaynotutteranymorewordsthantheusualexpressionsofgreetingataconference,whileatacocktailpartycasualtalksprevailandpeopleseemtotoleratesomewhatinquisitivequestions.RightofPrivacyistherightclaimedbyindividualstocontrolthedisclosureofpersonalinformationaboutthemselves.Italsocoverspeople’sfreedomtomaketheirowndecisionsabouttheirprivatelivesinthefaceofgovernmentattemptstoregulatebehavior.TheConstitutionoftheUnitedStatesguaranteesanumberofprivacyrights.TheFifthAmendment,forexample,upholdstherighttorefusetotestifyagainstoneselfinacriminalcase.Unit10WhateverHappenedtoPrivacy?TheFourthAmendmentprotectsapersonagainstunreasonablesearchesandseizuresbygovernmentofficials.TheSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStateshasruledthattheConstitutionalsoprotectsprivacyincertainmattersrelatingtomarriage,reproduction,birthcontrol,familyrelationships,andchildrearingandeducation.Privacyisalsoprotectedbyabranchofcivillawcalledtortlaw.Undertortlaw,onepersoncansueanotherforviolationofprivacyinanyoffourcategories:(1)disclosingprivatefactsthatarenotnewsworthy;(2)portrayingapersoninafalselight;(3)usingaperson’simageorpersonalfactsforprofitwithouttheperson’spermission;and(4)intrudingintoaperson’sprivatephysicalspace.AIFTTR2.3Unit10WhateverHappenedtoPrivacy?AIFTTR3.13.PrivacyonComputerSystemsComputersystemsenablemanyorganizations,includinggovernmentagencies,financialinstitutions,andhealthcareproviders,tocollectinformationonapersonwithouttheindividual’sknowledge.Suchinformation,aswellaselectronicmailanddigitalphotographsofindividuals,canbecirculatedworldwideonthevastcomputernetworkcalledtheInternet.Organizationscollectinformationonindividualstoinvestigateorpreventcrime,tomanagevastserviceprograms,ortodetermineaperson’seligibilityfor—orinterestin—credit,insurance,education,orotherservices.Sincethe1970’s,however,CongressandthestateshavepassedlawsthatrestrictUnit10WhateverHappenedtoPrivacy?AIFTTR3.2disclosureofpersonalinformationandgiveindividualstherighttochallengetheaccuracyofinformationaboutthemselves.Theselawscoverfederalagencies,schoolrecords,creditreports,andtelephonesolicitation.Inaddition,thelawholdsthatmostprivilegedconversationswithlawyers,spouses,clergy,andothersareconfidential.HackersandnetcriminalsalsoholdresponsibilitiesfortheincreasinglyworseningsituationofprivacyinvasionontheInternet.Hackersmaynotconfinethemselvestothesecretorillegalgatheringofpersonalinformation;insomecasestheyturnintocriminalswhocommitcrimeseitherresultingintheeconomiclossorleadingtomoreseriouslibelingorphysicalharmoffthevirtualworld.Theill-intentionedactsofpryingUnit10WhateverHappenedtoPrivacy?AIFTTR3.3intootherscomputerstostealpersonaldatasuchaspassword,bankaccount,addressandtelephonenumberareagainsttherightsofprivacyandaremostlikelytobepunished.However,thecircul