ResearchInstituteofAntennas&RFTechniquesSchoolofElectronic&InformationEngineering天线Antennas第10讲环天线与螺旋天线褚庆昕华南理工大学电子与信息学院天线与射频技术研究所qxchu@scut.edu.cnSouthChinaUniversityofTechnologyResearchInstituteofAntennas&RFTechniquesSchoolofElectronic&InformationEngineering第10讲内容SouthChinaUniversityofTechnologyResearchInstituteofAntennas&RFTechniquesSchoolofElectronic&InformationEngineering前面的分析已经得到电小环的辐射场场只与环的面积有关a10.1圆环天线22sin1sinjrjrISEerISHeErSouthChinaUniversityofTechnologyResearchInstituteofAntennas&RFTechniquesSchoolofElectronic&InformationEngineering对于一定尺寸的环,假设环上的电流均匀同相。根据矢量磁位,可以求得均匀同相的环电流在远区的辐射电场与磁场为方向图函数01(sin)21jraIEeJarHE11()(sin)(sin)FJJC2/Ca环周长的电长度SouthChinaUniversityofTechnologyResearchInstituteofAntennas&RFTechniquesSchoolofElectronic&InformationEngineering1阶贝塞尔函数曲线SouthChinaUniversityofTechnologyResearchInstituteofAntennas&RFTechniquesSchoolofElectronic&InformationEngineering环上的电流均匀同相时,不同直径的圆环天线的辐射方向图。注意:极化与电偶极子垂直。SouthChinaUniversityofTechnologyResearchInstituteofAntennas&RFTechniquesSchoolofElectronic&InformationEngineering为了保证大环上电流均匀同相,需要适当地设计馈电电路。【例10-1】设计合适的馈电系统,使得下面两种不同直径的环天线具有同相电流:圆环直径(a);(b)0.212(a)同相且幅度按正弦规律变化(近似均匀)的电流,所有偶极子具有一对公共馈点。SouthChinaUniversityofTechnologyResearchInstituteofAntennas&RFTechniquesSchoolofElectronic&InformationEngineering(b)同相且幅度有±25%起伏的近似均匀电流。当直径小于0.1时可视为基本同相均匀的电流。SouthChinaUniversityofTechnologyResearchInstituteofAntennas&RFTechniquesSchoolofElectronic&InformationEngineering环天线的辐射电阻对周长为10倍波长的圆环辐射电阻近似为6000欧。22231171,53720/,5rrnaRCRaCn为环的圈数SouthChinaUniversityofTechnologyResearchInstituteofAntennas&RFTechniquesSchoolofElectronic&InformationEngineering方向性D在小环的情况下在大环情况下21max2202[(sin)]()CCJCDJydy233sin1/322DC,0.682DCC,SouthChinaUniversityofTechnologyResearchInstituteofAntennas&RFTechniquesSchoolofElectronic&InformationEngineering小环通常可用于测向,但方向图有2个零方向,会造成180o的疑惑,若加一个接地平面,则会消除这个疑惑。[例10-2]将λ/10直径的环置于足够大的接地平面λ/10处,可得如下的场方向图,在无耗情况下试求该环的方向性及附有接地平面时的方向性.SouthChinaUniversityofTechnologyResearchInstituteofAntennas&RFTechniquesSchoolofElectronic&InformationEngineering解:对于孤立的环,D=1.5或1.76dBi对附有接地面的环Rr为环的自电阻,Rm为两个环间的互电阻22/()sin(2/10)1.5rrmDRRR41971.92,1.6rmRCR12.4511dBiD,或SouthChinaUniversityofTechnologyResearchInstituteofAntennas&RFTechniquesSchoolofElectronic&InformationEngineering[例10-3]考虑直径为/、周长为1的环,下图列出了圆环、等效方环、/2折合振子。所有这些天线接近谐振,辐射电阻为200~300欧,将环置于接地平面前/10处,辐射电阻为50欧,电抗为0,采用50欧同轴馈电,试求这些环天线的方向性。SouthChinaUniversityofTechnologyResearchInstituteofAntennas&RFTechniquesSchoolofElectronic&InformationEngineeringRr=197欧,Rm=1.6欧,跟上例相比,增益约低1dB,但其辐射电阻要大很多,从而得到较小的Q值、较宽的频带。22/()sin(2/10)1.5rrmDRRR10.210.1dBiD,或SouthChinaUniversityofTechnologyResearchInstituteofAntennas&RFTechniquesSchoolofElectronic&InformationEngineering10.2螺旋天线将导线绕制成螺旋形线圈而构成的天线称为螺旋天线(helicalantenna)。通常它带有金属接地板,由同轴线馈电,同轴线的内导体与螺旋线相接,外导体与接地板相连。D:螺旋直径,C:螺旋周长,S:节距L:每圈的长度,α:节距的升角SouthChinaUniversityofTechnologyResearchInstituteofAntennas&RFTechniquesSchoolofElectronic&InformationEngineeringSouthChinaUniversityofTechnologyResearchInstituteofAntennas&RFTechniquesSchoolofElectronic&InformationEngineering螺旋天线的辐射取决于直径与波长的比值(电直径)SouthChinaUniversityofTechnologyResearchInstituteofAntennas&RFTechniquesSchoolofElectronic&InformationEngineeringSouthChinaUniversityofTechnologyResearchInstituteofAntennas&RFTechniquesSchoolofElectronic&InformationEngineering螺旋天线的接地面可以有效地减小旁瓣和后瓣辐射绕制螺旋的导体的直径尺寸并不重要,可从0.005~0.05波长或更大,螺旋可用少量的绝缘子固定在轴向介质或金属杆上SouthChinaUniversityofTechnologyResearchInstituteofAntennas&RFTechniquesSchoolofElectronic&InformationEngineering10.2.1螺旋天线-法向模细螺旋天线工作于法向模,方向图类似于单极子天线,因此也成为螺旋鞭天线。螺旋鞭天线也可以看成是分布加载电感的单极子天线。与单极子相比,螺旋鞭天线的长度可以缩短2/3以上。因此,常用于车载天线和手机的外置天线。将螺旋鞭天线看成N个单元组成,每个单元由一个小环(磁流元)和一个电流元组成。SouthChinaUniversityofTechnologyResearchInstituteofAntennas&RFTechniquesSchoolofElectronic&InformationEngineeringSouthChinaUniversityofTechnologyResearchInstituteofAntennas&RFTechniquesSchoolofElectronic&InformationEngineering小环的辐射电场只有电流元的辐射电场只有两个相互垂直、相差900、具有相同方向图的场组成椭圆极化波,轴比为sin2jrISEjer222sin4jrIDEerEE22||2||ESAREDSouthChinaUniversityofTechnologyResearchInstituteofAntennas&RFTechniquesSchoolofElectronic&InformationEngineering有三种椭圆极化波的情况:,辐射垂直极化波,辐射水平的线极化波,圆极化波,条件为0,EAR0,0EAREE2DS对于法向模螺旋天线,由于,故轴比很大,辐射近似为垂直极化波。DSouthChinaUniversityofTechnologyResearchInstituteofAntennas&RFTechniquesSchoolofElectronic&InformationEngineering由于螺旋直径远远小于波长,小环的辐射场很小,因此,计算中主要考虑电流元的辐射。可见,螺旋鞭天线与电感加载的鞭天线情况相同。分析与实验表明,沿细螺旋线的轴向的电流分布仍接近正弦分布,它是一种慢波结构,电磁波沿轴线的传播的相速比沿直导线传播的相速要慢,因此,波导波长变短,天线尺寸大大减小。SouthChinaUniversityofTechnologyResearchInstituteofAntennas&RFTechniquesSchoolofElectronic&InformationEngineering10.2.2螺旋天线-轴向模轴向模螺旋天线的特点(1)最大辐射方向沿轴线(2)辐射场是圆极化波(3)沿线近似转播行波(4)输入阻抗近似为纯电阻(5)具有宽带特性分析轴向模螺旋天线时,可以近似地将其看成是由N个环形天线组成的阵列。为简单起见,设螺旋线一圈的周长为一个波长。SouthChinaUniversityofTechnologyResearchInstituteofAntennas&RFTechniquesSchoolofElectronic&InformationEngineering我们首先讨论单个圆环的辐射特性T1时刻T1+T/4时刻SouthChinaUniversityofTechn