TheBrainActivityMap绘制大脑活动地图Hardcell棘手的细胞Anambitiousprojecttomapthebrainisintheworks.Possiblytooambitious一个绘制大脑活动地图的宏伟计划正在准备当中,或许有些太宏伟了NEWSofwhatprotagonistshopewillbeAmerica’snextbigscienceprojectcontinuestodribbleout.有关其发起人心中下一个科学大工程的新闻报道层出不穷。AleaktotheNewYorkTimes,publishedonFebruary17th,letthecatoutofthebag,withareportthatBarackObama’sadministrationisthinkingofsponsoringwhatwillbeknownastheBrainActivityMap.2月17日,《纽约时报》刊登的一位线人报告终于泄露了秘密,报告称奥巴马政府正在考虑赞助将被称为“大脑活动地图”的计划。AndonMarch7thseveralofthoseprotagonistspublishedamanifestofortheprojectinScience.3月7日,部分发起人在《科学》杂志上发表声明证实了这一计划。ThepurposeofBAMistochangethescaleatwhichthebrainisunderstood.“大脑活动地图”计划的目标是改变人们在认知大脑时采用的度量方法。Atthemoment,neuroscienceoperatesattwodisconnectedlevels.眼下,神经学的研究处在两个断开的层次。Thehigherone,wherethedimensionsoffeaturesaremeasuredincentimetres,hasmanytechniquesatitsdisposal,notablyfunctionalmagnetic-resonanceimaging,whichmeasureschangesintissues’fuelconsumption.在相对宏观的层次当中各个特征的规模用厘米来衡量,有很多技术可以使用,尤其是用来测量组织中能量消耗变动情况的核磁共振成像技术。Thisletsresearchersseewhichbitsofthebrainareactiveinparticulartasks—aslongasthosetaskscanbeperformedbyapersonlyingdowninsideascanner.该技术可使研究人员找出在完成具体的任务时,大脑的哪些部分处于活跃状态。Attheotherendofthescale,wherefeaturesaremeasuredinmicrons,lotsofresearchhasbeendoneonhowindividualnervecellswork,howmessagesaresentfromonetoanother,andhowtheconnectionsbetweencellsstrengthenandweakenasmemoriesareformed.而另一个度量的层次则要求用微米来测量各种特征,这一层次的研究很多都是关于单个神经细胞是如何工作的、信息在神经细胞之间是如何传递的以及当产生记忆的时候神经细胞之间的联系是如何得到加强和减弱的。Betweenthesetwo,though,allisdarkness.然而,位于这两个层次之间的研究还处于一片漆黑当中。ItisliketryingtonavigateAmericawithanatlasthatshowsthestates,thebigcitiesandthemainhighways,andhasafewstreetmapsoflocalneighbourhoods,butdisplaysnothinginbetween.这就好比当你要在美国寻找自己的前进方向时,手里却只有一副如下的地图册:上面只显示各州轮廓、各都市的坐落点、干线公路以及一些社区街道,除此之外别无它物。BAM,ifallgoeswell,willyieldplansofentiretownsandvillages,andstarttofillintheroadnetwork.如果“大脑活动地图”计划进展顺利的话,就能得到完整的城市和村落规划图,道路网也将完善。Itwillalso,topushtheanalogytobreakingpoint,letauserlookatactualtrafficflowsontheroadsinquestion,andevenmanipulatetheroadsigns,inordertounderstandhowparticularcommunitieswork.它还能使用户能够看到自己备选道路的实际交通情况,甚至还能通过操纵道路标志来了解具体地区是怎样运作的,将脑图、地图这一类比给打破。Themappers’aimistofindouthownervecellscollaboratetoprocessinformation.制图者的目标是找出神经细胞是如何共同处理信息的。Thatmeanslookingattheconnectionsbetweenhundreds,thousandsandevenmillionsofadjacentcells—anddoingso,crucially,whilethosecellsarestillalive,ratherthanaftertheyhavebeenslicedanddicedformicroscopicexamination.这就意味着要研究成百上千甚至上百万的相邻细胞之间有何种关联,关键在于这一研究还要在这些细胞存活的时候进行,而不是把它们切片后放在显微镜下观察。Thiswillrequireanewsetoftools.要做到这一点就需要一套新的工具。AndthegutsoftheBAMproposalarethattheAmericantaxpayershouldprovidethosetools.“大脑活动地图”提案的大胆之处在于它认为美国纳税人应该出钱提供这些工具。Itisthusnocoincidencethattheleadauthorofthepaper,PaulAlivisatos,thedirectoroftheLawrenceBerkeleyNationalLaboratory,isamaterialsscientist,notaneuroscientist.因此,由材料学家保罗?阿里维萨多而非神经学家来主笔该提案并非什么巧合。DrAlivisatosandhistencolleagueswouldliketheirnewtoolstobeabletorecord,simultaneously,theactivityofmillionsofnervecells.阿里维萨多博士和他的10个同事希望他们的新工具能同时记录数百万神经细胞的活动情况;Then,havingdonetherecording,theywouldlikeasecondtoolkitthatletsthemmanipulateeachcellatwill,toseewhateffectthathasontherestofthecircuit.做完记录后,他们还想要能自由操纵每个神经细胞的第二套工具,以便找出这样的操作对细胞周围有何影响;Finally,tohandletheunprecedentedamountsofdatathatthefirstandsecondstepswillgenerate,theywouldlikeanewsetofcomputinghardwareandsoftware.最后,为了处理前面两个步骤所产生的空前的海量数据,他们还想要一套新的计算机软硬件。Amodestproposal,then.如此看来这提案还不算过分嘛,Andonewhichisinducingpolitescepticismfrommanyneuroscientistswhoarenotpartofthecharmedcircle,andwhofeartheirsubjectisabouttobesacrificedtoajuggernaut.但它却也引来了许多此小圈子外的神经学家客气的猜疑,他们担心实验被试会成为这一计划的牺牲品。Suchscepticismisreasonable.这种怀疑是合乎情理的。Thethirdpartoftheproject,thecomputerside,shouldbedoable.该计划的计算机部分是可行的,不论如何,这只不过是提高计算机的原有水平而已。Thatisjustaquestionofpushingharderinadirectionthingsare,inanycase,going.但是前面两部分你要怎么完成呢?谁都不知道。Howyouwoulddothefirsttwo,though,isanybody’sguess—andDrAlivisatosandhiscolleaguesareprettysketchyaboutthedetails.而且阿里维萨多和其同事对相关细节也说得相当笼统。Thinkingbig,thinkingsmall高瞻远瞩也要低头看路Whatideastherearedrawheavilyonthenascentfieldofnanotechnology.现在能想到的办法主要就是利用纳米技术这一新领域,ThisisDrAlivisatos’sparticularprovince,andalsothatoftheKavliFoundation,whichexists“toadvancefundamentalresearchinthefieldsofastrophysics,nanoscience,neuroscienceandtheoreticalphysics”.这是阿里维萨多的专攻领域,也是美国科威利基金会专门支持的领域。该基金会的宗旨是推动天体物理学、纳米技术、神经学和理论物理学等领域的基础研究,Abrainmapwouldpushtwoofthosebuttons,whichaccountsforthefactthatfiveofthemanifesto’sauthorsworkforinstitutessponsoredbythisfoundation.一个大脑地图计划就会涉及到里面的两个领域,这也解释了《科学》杂志上的声明人中有五个在该基金赞助的机构工作这一事实。Butanysuccessesthatnanotechnologyhasenjoyedsofarhavebeensmallbeercomparedwiththedevicesthatwouldbeneededtointerrogatenervecells,recordtheresultsandtransmitthembacktobase,letalonetellthosenervecellswhattodo.但是,和“审问”神经细胞、记录“审问”结果并将“审问”结果传回“大本营”所需要的设备相比,目前纳米技术领域所取得一切成果都是些小把戏,就更别指望能用它来控制神经细胞的行为了。Theprotagonistswould,theysay,buildupslowly,usinghumblercreaturesthanhumanbeingsasexperimentalsubjectstostartwith.该计划的发起人说,他们会慢慢推进,首先使用比人类低级的生物作为实验对象。Thiswastheapproa