英语中各句子成分划分

英语句子成分主语(subject)谓语(predicate)宾语(object)表语(predicative)宾语补足语(宾补objectcomplement)定语(attributive)状语(adverbial)主语补足语(主补subjectcomplement)句子成分1.主语＋谓语(SV)2.主语＋谓语＋宾语(SVO)3.主语＋连系动词＋表语(SVC)4.主语＋谓语＋间接宾语＋直接宾语(SVoO)5.主语＋谓语(及物动词)＋宾语＋宾补(SVOC)简单句的基本句型1.主语＋谓语(SV)本结构是由“主语+不及物动词(词组)”构成,常用来表示主语的动作。如，Shecame.Myheadaches.Thesunrises.该句型的主语可有修饰语---定语，如，Theredsunrises.谓语可有修饰语---状语，如，Theredsunrisesintheeast.此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词,后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。2.主语＋谓语＋宾语(SVO)此结构是由“主语+及物动词(词组)+宾语”构成。宾语可以是名词、代词、数词，动名词、动词不定式或词组、the+形容词、分词以及从句等。如，1.Who│knows│theanswer?2.He│hasrefused│tohelpthem.3.He│enjoys│reading.4.He│said│Goodmorning.5.He│admits│thathewasmistaken.此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。3.主语＋连系动词＋表语(SVP)本结构主要用以说明主语的特征，类属，状态，身份等。连系动词有：（1）表示特征和存在状态的be,seem,feel,appear,look,smell,taste,sound等；（2）表示状态延续的remain,stay,keep,continue,stand等；（3）表示状态变化的become,get,turn,go,run,fall,come,grow等。Sheishappy.Hefelloffhisbikeandgothurt.Hisadviceproved(tobe)right.此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。4.主语＋谓语＋间接宾语＋直接宾语(SVoO)常跟双宾语的及物动词有：(需借助to的)bring,give,lend,hand,offer,pass,pay,promise,return,send,show,teach,tell,write,等；(需借助for的)buy,call,cook,choose,draw,find,get,make,order,sing,save,spare,等。HesentmeanEnglish-ChineseDictionary.=HesentanEnglish-ChineseDictionarytome.ShegaveJohnabook．=Sheboughtabookforme.Heshowedmehowtorunthemachine.5.主语＋谓语(及物动词)＋宾语＋宾补(SVOC)此结构中的宾语与宾语补足语之间存在有内在逻辑上的主谓关系，若无宾语补足语，则句意不完整。可以用做宾补的有名词，形容词，介词短语，动词不定式，分词等。Shemakeshermotherangry.Theteacheraskedmetoreadthepassage.此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。宾语补足语：位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。可以用作宾语补足语的有名词，形容词，不定式，分词，介词短语等。Arrangethesewordstomakesentences1.was/old/dying/man/theTheoldmanwasdying.2.Taught/newwords/thestudents/thelecturer/many/toThelecturertaughtmanynewwordstothestudents3.damage/yourhair/somehairbrushes/maySomehairbrushesmaydamageyourhair.4.me/a/haircut/thebarber/gave/shortThebarbergavemeashorthaircut.5.Theshop/$100/paid/thecustomerThecustomerpaidtheshop$1006.interestingandexpansive/inthecity/canbe/both/lifeLifeinthecitycanbebothinterestingandexpansive7.it/make/yourhair/toooften/dry/may/shampooingShampooingyourhairtoooftenmaymakeitdry.8.myself/unlucky/thought/veryIthoughtmyselfveryunlucky.9.thetiredstudent/intheafternoon/anap/tookThetiredstudenttookanapintheafternoon.10.hiscar/toBeijing/drovehiscartoBeijing.ThesalesmandrovehiscartoBeijing.主语(subject):句子说明的人或事物。Thesunrisesintheeast.(名词)Helikesdancing.(代词)Twentyyearsisashorttimeinhistory.(数词)Seeingisbelieving.(动名词)Toseeistobelieve.(不定式)Whatheneedsisabook.(主语从句)Itisveryclearthattheelephantisroundandtalllikeatree.(It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语)句子成分谓语(predicate):说明主语的动作、状态和特征英语中只有动词才能作谓语。WestudyEnglish.Heisasleep.宾语：1）动作的承受者-----动宾IlikeChina.(名词)Hehatesyou.(代词)Howmanydoyouneed?Weneedtwo.(数词)Weshouldhelptheoldandthepoor.Ienjoyworkingwithyou.(动名词)Ihopetoseeyouagain.(不定式)Didyouwritedownwhathesaid?(宾语从句)2）介词后的名词、代词和动名词-----介宾Areyouafraidofthesnake?Underthesnow,therearemanyrocks.3）双宾语-----间宾(指人)和直宾(指物)Hegavemeabookyesterday.Givethepoormansomemoney.定语：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子。MissYangisachemistryteacher.(名词)Heisourfriend.(代词)Webelongtothethirdworld.(数词)Hewasadvisedtoteachthelazyboyalesson.(形容词)Themanoverthereismyoldfriend.(副词)Thewomanwithababyinherarmsismysister.(介词)TheboysplayingfootballareinClass2.(分词)Thetreesplantedlastyeararegrowingwellnow.(分词)Ihaveanideatodoitwell.(不定式)YoushoulddoeverythingthatIdo.(定语从句)状语：用来修饰v.,adj.,adv.,or句子。表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式、让步和伴随。Iwillgotheretomorrow.Themeetingwillbeheldinthemeetingroom.ThemeatwentbadbecauseofthehotweatherHestudieshardtolearnEnglishwell.Hedidn’tstudyhardsothathefailedintheexam.Ilikesomeofyouverymuch.Ifyoustudyhard,youwillpasstheexam.Hegoestoschoolbybike.Thoughheisyoung,hecandoitwell.Theteachercamein,withabookinhishand.宾补：对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。Weelectedhimmonitor.(名词)Weallthinkitapitythatshedidn’tcomehere.Wewillmakethemhappy.(形容词)Wefoundnobodyin.(副词)Pleasemakeyourselfathome.(介词短语)Don’tlethimdothat.(省to不定式)Hisfatheradvisedhimtoteachthelazyboyalesson.(带to不定式)Don’tkeepthelightsburning.(现在分词)I’llhavemybikerepaired.(过去分词)主补：对主语的补充。Hewaselectedmonitor.Shewasfoundsinginginthenextroom.Hewasadvisedtoteachthelazyboyalesson.Tiredandsad,shetoldherstorytearfully.表语(predicative):系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。Heisateacher.(名词)Seventy-four!Youdon’tlookit.(代词)Fiveandfiveisten.(数词)Heisasleep.(形容词)Hisfatherisin.(副词)Thepictureisonthewall.(介词短语)Mywatchisgone/missing/lost.(分词)TowearafloweristosayI’mpoor,Ican’tbuyaring.(不定式)Thequestioniswhethertheywillcome.(从句)