1英语中句子成分一、英语句子的成分及简单句的五种基本句式。英语句子与汉语句子一样,都是由单词按照一定的规则所组成的。不同的词类在句中所起的作用是不同的。因此,只有搞清不同词类在句中可充当哪些成分,才能正确分析、理解句子的含义,并能准确地遣词造句,逐渐流利地说出地道的英语。【问】什么是句子成分?英语句子包含哪些成分?【答】组成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。它包括:主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语等。【问】各成分在句中的作用如何?分别由哪些词及短语充当?1.主语:是句子要说明的人或事物,是句子的主体,一般由名词、代词、数词、不定式或动名词等充当。如:Thecarisrunningfast./ThegirlcansingmanyEnglishsongs.(名词)Wearestudents./Thisismypen.Yoursisonthedesk.(代词)OneofmyclassmatesisfromShanghai./Twoandthreeisfive.(数词)Theblindneedmorehelp.(名词化的形容词)It’sbadmannerstospitinpublic.(不定式)Eatingtoomuchisbadforyourhealth.(动名词)【注意】若不定式短语作主语常用it作形式主语,而把真正的主语(不定式短语)放在句后。2.谓语:说明主语的动作或状态,也是句子的主体部分,一般由动词充当。动词分为实义动词、连系动词、情态动词和助动词。实义动词单独作谓语,连系动词与表语一起构成谓语,情态动词与省略to的不定式构成合成谓语,助动词与动词原形共同构成谓语部分。如:由单一动词作谓语:WeareChinese./HehasanEnglish-Chinesedictionary.情态动词加主要动词:Wecanplaythepiano./Youmustseethedoctor.助动词加主要动词构成谓语:Sheistalkingwithhersister./Ihaveseenthis2manbefore.【注意】谓语与主语在人称与数方面要相互照应。3.表语:用于说明主语的身份、特征或感受,一般由名词、数词、形容词、分词等充当。常用的连系动词有:be,look,get,sound(听起来),feel,become,smell,turn,taste(尝起来)等。如:Theyareworkers.(名词)Twoandthreeisfive.(数词)Thestoryisveryinteresting.(形容词)Myjob(工作)isteachingEnglish.(动名词)Sheisathome.(介词短语)Ifeelterrible.(形容词)Thedishtastesdelicious.(形容词)Heishere(副词)It’sgettingdark./Hegotveryangry./Thehillhasturnedgreen.(形容词)4.宾语:是及物动词所涉及的对象,是动作的对象或承受者。一般由名词、代词、不定式及动名词等充当。如:Heisdoinghishomework./Isawaplaneintheskyjustnow.(名词)Theydidnothingthismorning./Imethimonmywayhome.(代词)Iwantthree./Pleasepassmethefirst.(数词)Shewantstogohome.(不定式)Weenjoyplayingfootball.(动名词)【注意】①有的动词可接双宾语,间接宾语指人,直接宾语指物。这类动词常见的有:give,buy,lend,pass,tell,leave等。如:Heboughtmeabook.Passmetheball,willyou?(间宾+直宾)直接宾语一般放在间接宾语之后,但若把直接宾语放在前面,则要在间接宾3语前加适当的介词如to或for等。如:HanChenlentsomemoneytoLiHai.(直宾+间宾)XiaoLiuboughtadictionaryforTom.(直宾+间宾)【结构】动词+间接宾语(人)+直接宾语(物)Helentmeabook./Heboughtmeapen./IhavetaughtmyselfEnglishfortenyears.动词+直接宾语(物)+(to,for)+间接宾语(人)Hegavehissonsomeadvice.=Hegavesomeadvicetohisson.Fatherboughtmeacomputer.=Fatherboughtacomputerforme.②有的动词常用不定式作宾语,而不能用动名词。这类动词有:want,wish,hope,promise,decide,agree,choose,care等。如:Ihopetoseeyouagain.③有的动词一般只用动名词作宾语,而不用不定式。这类动词有:enjoy,finish,mind,practice,miss,suggest,keep(on)等。如:Doyoumindmyopeningthewindow?④有的动词后接不定式与动名词含义不同。a)forgettodo表示“未发生的动作”,forgetdoing表示“已完成的动作”。如:Don'tforgettocomehereearliertomorrow.(还没来)Iforgotreturningthebooktohim.(书已还给他了)b)stoptodo(不定式为状语)表示“停下原来的事,去做另一件事”,stopdoing表示“停止做某事”。如:Istoppedtotalkwithhim.(我停下来与他谈话。)Thestudentsstoppedtalkingwhentheteachercamein.(老师进来时学生们停止谈话。【注意】英语中带有宾语的谓语动词叫及物动词,不带宾语的叫不及物动词。4及物动词后必须跟上宾语意义才完整,不及物动词本身意义已完整,后面不跟宾语。Youmayusemypen./Doyoulikefish?(及物)Dickswimsverywell./Thesunrisesintheeast.(不及物)不及物动词可加介词再加宾语Wearelisteningtothemusic.Theyaretalkingtoeachother.既可以作及物动词又可以作不及物动词的词:Wearegrowingtomatoes./Tomatoesgrowwellinourgarden.TheyleftShanghaiyesterday./Theyleftyesterday.Mymotherteachesinthisschool./SheteachesEnglish.Wearestudying./WestudyEnglish.Webeganourlessonatnine./Thelecturebeganatnine.5.定语:用于修饰名词或代词,一般由形容词、名词、数词、不定式等充当。如:Whatabeautifulkiteitis!/Theyhaveacleverson.(形容词)Sheisachemistryteacher./Itisacolorfilm.(名词)Therearetwostudentsintheclassroom.(数词)Thissongisbetterthanthatone.(代词)Doyouknowtheyoungmanoverthere?(副词)Wehavesomethingtodotomorrow.(不定式)Themaninblueismybrother.(介词短语)【注意】定语一般位于被修饰词之前,但若修饰不定代词或不定式等短语作定语,则放在后面。6.状语:用于修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句,一般由副词、介词短语、不定式短语或从句充当。单个副词作状语一般放在被修饰词之前,短语或从句放在句首或句末。如:5Thankyouverymuch.(副词表示程度)Theoldmaniswalkingslowly.(副词表示方式)Heusuallygetsupatsix.(副词表示时间)Weallworkhere.(副词表示地点)Igetupatfiveinthemorning.(介词短语表示时间)Heisstudyinghardsoastocatchupwithothers.(不定式短语)Wewerehavingbreakfastwhenthetelephonerang.(从句)【注意】enough作状语只能放在被修饰词之后。如:Heisoldenoughtogotoschool.7.宾语补足语:用于补充说明宾语的动作,一般位于宾语之后,宾语与宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。需接复合宾语的动词有:tell,let,help,teach,ask,see,have,order,make等。“宾补”一般由不定式短语、分词、名词、形容词等充当。如:Weelectedhimmonitor./(名词)IfounditdifficulttolearnEnglishwell./Thesunkeepsuswarm./Wefindthestoryveryinteresting.(形容词)Ifoundherintheroom.(介词短语)Pleaselethimin./IsawhimoutwithXiaoLi.(副词)Thedoctortoldmetodomoreexercise.(不定式短语)Heisgoingtohavehishaircut.(过去分词)Theysawabirdflyinginthesky.(现在分词)二、句子结构简单句的五个基本句型:1、主语+不及物动词Shecame./Myheadaches.2、主语+及物动词+宾语ShelikesEnglish.3、主语+系动词+表语Sheishappy.64、主语+双宾动词+间接宾语+直接宾语ShegaveJohnabook.Sheboughtabookforme.5、主语+宾补动词+宾语+宾语补语Shemakeshermotherangry.Theteacheraskedmetoreadthepassage(There+beThereliesabookonthedesk.)句子成分练习题(一)(一)指出下列句中主语的中心词①Theteacherwithtwoofhisstudentsiswalkingintotheclassroom.②Thereisanoldmancominghere.③Theusefuldictionarywasgivenbymymotherlastyear.④Todotoday'shomeworkwithouttheteacher'shelpisverydifficult.(二)选出句中谓语的中心词①Idon'tlikethepictureonthewall.A.don'tB.likeC.pictureD.wall②Thedaysgetlongerandlongerwhensummercomes.A.getB.longerC.daysD.summer③Doyouusuallygotoschoolbybus?A.DoB.usuallyC.goD.bus④Therewillbeameetingatthelibrarythisafternoon.A.willbeB.meetingC.thelibraryD.afternoon⑤Didthetwinshaveporridgefortheirbreakfast?A.DidB.twinsC.haveD.breakfast7⑥Tomdidn'tdohishomeworkyesterday.A.TomB.didn'tC.doD.hishomework⑦WhatIwanttotellyouisthis.A.