语言学chapter2课后练习答案

ANewConciseCourseinLinguisticsforStudentsofEnglish(2ndedition)1Chapter2Revisionexercisesreference1.Whatarethetwomajormediaofcommunication?Ofthetwo,whichoneisprimaryandwhy?Refertosection2.1Thetwomajormediaofcommunicationarespeechandwriting.Ofthetwo,speechisconsideredprimaryforthefollowingreasons:1)fromthepointofviewoflinguisticevolution,speechispriortowriting.Thewritingsystemofanylanguageisalwaysalaterinvention.2)Ineverydaycommunication,speechconveysagreateramountofinformationthanwriting.3)Speechisalwaysthewayinwhicheverynativespeakeracquireshismothertongue,andwritingislearnedandtaughtlateraspartofformaleducation.2.Whatisvoicingandhowisitcaused?Refertosection2.2.2(1)Voicingisaphoneticfeatureofsomespeechsounds.Itiscausedbythevibrationofthespeaker'svocalcordswhenheproducesacertainsound.Ifasoundbearsthisfeature,itisvoiced.Ifsuchafeatureisabsentinthepronunciationofasound,itisvoiceless.AllvowelsinEnglisharevoiced;andsomeconsonantsinEnglisharevoicedsuchas[d]and[v]whileothersarevoicelesssuchas[p]and[s].3.Explainwithexampleshowbroadtranscriptionandnarrowtranscriptiondiffer.Bothbroadandnarrowtranscriptionsarewaystotranscribespeechsounds,i.e.waysofusingwrittensymbolstorepresentspeechsounds.Inbroadtranscription,onlythelettersymbolsareused,andtheprincipleistouseoneletterforonesound,suchas[P]and[I].Innarrowtranscription,asetofsymbolscalleddiacriticsareaddedtothelettersymbolstoshowthefinerdifferencesbetweensimilarsounds,suchas[Ph]and[ɫ].4.HowaretheEnglishconsonantsclassified?Asinthepronunciationofconsonantstheairstreamcomingfromthelungsissomehowobstructed,itispossibleandalsonecessarytoclassifythemintermsofmannerofarticulationandplaceofarticulation.Intermsofmannerofobstruction,theconsonantsareclassifiedintothefollowinggroups:stops,fricatives,affricates,liquids,nasalsandglides.Intermsofplaceofobstruction,theconsonantsareclassifiedintothefollowinggroups:bilabial,labiodental,dental,alveolar,palatal,velar,andglottal.ANewConciseCourseinLinguisticsforStudentsofEnglish(2ndedition)25.WhatcriteriaareusedtoclassifytheEnglishvowels?ToclassifytheEnglishvowels,thefollowingcriteriacanbeapplied:positionofthetongue,opennessofthemouth,lengthofthevowels,andtheshapeofthelips.Accordingtothepositionofthetongue,thevowelsareclassifiedintofront,centralandbackvowels;accordingtotheopennessofthemouth,thevowelsareclassifiedintoclose,semi-close,semi-open,andopenvowels;andaccordingtothelengthofthevowels,theyareclassifiedintolongvowelsandshortvowels;andaccordingtotheshapeofthelips,andthevowelsareclassifiedintoroundedandunroundedvowels.6.Givethephoneticsymbolforeachofthefollowingsounddescriptions:1)voicedpalatalaffricate---[dʒ]2)voicelesslabiodentalfricative---[f]3)voicedalveolarstop---[d]4)front,close,short---[i]5)back,semi-open,long---[ɔ:]6)voicelessbilabialstop---[p]Giventhephoneticfeaturesofeachofthefollowingsounds:1)[d]---voicedalveolarstop2)[l]---voicedalveolarliquid3)[tʃ]---voicelesspalatal/alveolaraffricate4)[w]---voicedbilabialglide5)[u]---back,close,short(rounded)6)[æ]---front,short,open(unrounded)7.Howdophoneticsandphonologydifferintheirfocusofstudy?Whodoyouthinkwillbemoreinterestedinthedifferencebetween,say,[l]and[ɫ],[pʰ]and[P],aphoneticianoraphonologist?Why?Refertosection2.3.1Thoughbothdealingwithspeechsounds,phoneticsandphonologydifferintheirfocusofstudyinthattheformerfocusesonthespeechsoundsthemselves,theirwaysofpronunciation,theirdifferences,theirclassifications,etc.,whilethelatterfocusesonthesoundsystemofparticularlanguagesandtherolesoundsplayinconveyingmeaning.Therefore,aphoneticianwillbemoreinterestedinthedifferencebetweentwosounds.8.Whatisaphone?Howisitdifferentfromaphoneme?Howareallophonesrelatedtoaphoneme?Refertosection2.3.2Aphoneissimplyaspeechsound,everyactualsoundweuseorhearinmeaningfullinguisticcommunication.Forexample,inpronouncingthetwowords“feel”and“leaf”,weactuallyuseorhearfourphones:[f][i:][l]and[~l].ANewConciseCourseinLinguisticsforStudentsofEnglish(2ndedition)3Aphonediffersfromaphonemeinthattheformerisanactualsoundwehearanditistheunitofstudyinphonetics,andthelatterisnotanaudiblesound,butanabstractentity,acollectionofphoneticfeatures,usedasaunitofstudyinphonology.Takethe“feel”and“leaf”exampleagain.Whilefourphonesareusedorheardinthepronunciationofthesetwowords,onlythreephonemesareinvolved,i.e./f//i:/and/l/.Aphoneme,thoughasanabstractentity,isrealizedasdifferentphonesindifferentphoneticcontexts.Allthesedifferentphonesarecalledtheallophonesofthesameonephoneme.Forexample,theaspirated[pʰ]andtheunaspirated[p]areallophonesofthesamephoneme/p/.9.Explainwithexamplesthesequentialrules,theassimilationrule,andthedeletionrule.Sequentialrulesarerulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguage.Forexample,why“klib”isapermissiblecombinationofthefoursoundsinEnglishandwhy“kbli”isnotcanonlybeaccountedforbyasequentialrule.Theassimilationruleassimilatesonesoundtoanotherby“copying”afeatureofasequentialphoneme,thusmakingthetwophonessimilar.Forexample,theactualpronunciationoftheletter“n”intheword“incorrect”isnotthealveolar[n]butthevelarna