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PubTalkandtheKing’sEnglishThehistoryofEnglishContents目录Parttwo{OldEnglish}Partthree{MiddleEnglish}Partfour{ModernEnglish}Partone{EarlyHistory}English=?Celtic凯尔特语(from1700or400B.C.to55B.C.)+Latin拉丁语(from55B.C.to410A.D.)+German德语(from410A.D.to1066A.D.)+French法语(from1066A.D.to1485A.D.)PartoneEarlyHistoryCelts（whatisnowWales,ScotlandandIreland.）TheCelts,whoinhabitedtheland,spokelanguagesthatsurvivetodaymainlyaswelsh.It’stheoldestEnglishlanguage.nowrittenlanguage(partofitsorallanguagelaterwentintoEnglish)EarlysettlersWhendidtheybeginsettlementinBritain?1.RomanOccupation55B.C.-410A.D.LATINInvasions:Invasions:Romans(罗马)Wheredidthesettle?RomanizingBritain1)PushedCelts凯尔特人intoWalesandIreland2)Miles,feetandinchesareRomanmeasurements.3)Christianity4)Readingandwriting5)Latinbecomesofficiallanguage.E.g.autumn,beautiful,continue,different....WhatdidRomanruleleavebehind?OldEnglish(449A.D-1100A.D)Parttwo•ThehistoryoftheEnglishlanguagereallystartedwiththearrivalofthreeGermanictribes（theAngles,theSaxonsandtheJutes）whoinvadedBritainduringthe5thcenturyAD.AtthattimetheinhabitantsofBritainspokeaCelticlanguage.ButmostoftheCelticspeakerswerepushedwestandnorthbytheinvaders-mainlyintowhatisnowWales,ScotlandandIreland.TheAnglescamefromEnglalandandtheirlanguagewascalledEnglisc-fromwhichthewordsEnglandandEnglisharederived.GermanicinvadersenteredBritainontheeastandsouthcoastsinthe5thcentury.日耳曼入侵者在公元5世界通过英国东海岸和南海岸进入英国。Invasions:2.Anglo-SaxonandVikingInvasions410A.D–1066A.D.GERMAN(IC)Invasions:Anglo-Saxons盎格鲁-撒克逊TheAnglo-SaxonPeriodWhoweretheAnglo-Saxons?TheAngle,Saxon,andJutetribeswhoinvadedBritaininthe5thand6thcenturiesareknownastheAnglo-Saxons.TheylefttheirhomelandsinnorthernGermany,DenmarkandnorthernHollandandrowedacrosstheNorthSeainwoodenboatsWhatdidtheydo?AlfredtheGreat阿尔弗雷德大帝•FatherofEnglishMonarchy•MilitaryLeader•EncouragedEducation•EnglishOfficialLanguage•theAnglo-SaxonChronicle编年史•ImposedLawWhathappenedtotheAnglo-Saxons?•fromScandinavia:斯堪的纳维亚-Denmark-Norway-Sweden.VikingRaid海盗袭击Bydefinition,Vikingsweresea-faring(explorers,traders,andwarriors)Scandinaviansduringthe8ththrough11thcenturiesplunderingfirst,thenpermanentsettlements{Anglo-SaxonInfluence}Whatdidtheyleave?Wordsusedtodayfaether-fathersunu-sondohtor-daughterchese-cheese•Twoperiods—theOldEnglishandtheMiddleEnglish—aresharplydistinguishedfromeachotherasaresultoftheNormanConquestoftheislandin1066A.D.PartthreeMiddleEnglish(1100A.D-1500A.D)What?3.TheNormanInvasion(TheBattleofHastings)in1066A.D.FRENCHInvasions:•PowerfulNorthernFrenchmen•Normandy•OriginalVikingsWhowereNormans?Anglo-NormansDukeWilliamofNormandysetsailacrosstheEnglishChannelon28thSeptember1066A.D.Whatdidtheyleave?theFeudalSystemWhatdidtheyleave?1)French–officiallanguage2)WordsborrowedintoEnglishCowBeefSwineGammonCuisineMenuLanguage•In1066A.D，theNormanInvasion(WilliamtheConqueror)startedacontinualflowofFrenchwordsintoEnglish.Whatdidtheyleave?•Approximately10,000French(andNorman)loanwordsenteredMiddleEnglish.•StandardFrenchretainedthestatusofaformalandhadasignificantinfluenceonthelanguagetoday.•Forexample,mostmodernEnglishspeakersconsideracordialreception(fromFrench)tobemoreformalthanaheartywelcome(fromGermanic).FrenchInfluence{EarlyModernEnglish(1500-1800)}ModernEnglish(1500A.D.—present){LateModernEnglish(1800-Present)}011)theGreatVowelShift2)RenaissanceandShakespeare3)Theinventionofprinting4)Englishdictionary5)TheKingJamesBible021)IndustrialRevolution2)manycolonies3)EnglishvariationPartfourTheGVS(元音大推移）TowardstheendofMiddleEnglish,asuddenanddistinctchangeinpronunciation(theGreatVowelShift)started,withvowelsbeingpronouncedshorterandshorterEarlyModernEnglishRenaissanceandShakespeareWilliamShakespeareinventedabout2000newwordsandphrasesinRenaissance.Forexample:eyeball.anchovy.puppy-dog;dauntless无谓的，besmirch糟蹋alligator,crocodile;hobnob对饮EarlyModernEnglishTheInventionofPrintingBooksbecamecheaperandmorepeoplelearnedtoread.PrintingalsobroughtstandardizationtoEnglish.Spellingandgrammarbecamefixed,andthedialectofLondon,wheremostpublishinghouseswere,becamethestandard.EarlyModernEnglishTheDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage•thedictionarystandardizedbothEnglishspellingandwordusage.SamuelJohnsonanewtranslationoftheBibleEarlyModernEnglishColonialExpansionLateModernEnglishDuringthe19thcentury,duetotheexpansionoftheBritishempire,Englishspeakersborrowedwordsfromhundredsofthedifferentlanguage.suchastools(boomerang回飞镖）weatherphenomena(typhoon,)Places(Chicago,Michigan)1)Manymorenewwordswerecoinedforthenewproducts,machinesandprocessesthatweredevelopedatthistimee.g.train,pulley（滑车）,combustion（氧化）,piston(活塞)electricity,telephone,telegraph,camera,etc.2)Newwordscreatedbycombinationwereparticularlypopulare.g.railway,horsepower,typewriter,airplane,etc.theIndustrialRevolutionandTechnologyLateModernEnglishLateModernEnglishVarietiesofEnglish--AmericanEnglishFromaround1600,theEnglishcolonizationofNorthAmericaresultedinthecreationofadistinctAmericanvarietyofEnglish.Today,some4,000wordsareuseddifferentlyintheUSAandBritain&ThanksForYourAttention