chapter 3 word-formation

ChapterthreeWord-formationChapter3(构词法)•3.1GeneralRemark概述•3.2Compounding复合构词法•3.3Derivation派生构词法3.3.1Prefixation加前缀3.3.2Suffixation加后缀•3.4Conversion词类转换法Thedifferencesbetween“root”,“stem”and“base”?•Root/词根:isnotfurtheranalyzable,eitherintermsofderivationalorinflectionalmorphology•Stem/词干:thepartoftheword-formwhichremainswhenallinflectionalaffixeshavebeenremoved.•Base/词基:anyformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeadded.undesirables=un+desire+able+s•Base:desirable→desire(base)undesirable→desirable(base)undesirables→undesirable(base)•Base/词基:anyformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeadded.2)denationalizeddenationalized=de+nation+al+ize+d•Root:nation•Stem:denationalize•Base:national→nationnationalize→nationaldenationalize→nationalizedenationalized→denationalize•desirable:desire(rootorbase,notstem)•undesirable:desirable(base,notroot,notstem)•undesirables:undesirable(stemorbase,notroot)•desired:desire(root,stemorbase)Majorprocessesofword-formation:1.Compounding/composition2.Conversion3.Derivation/affixes3.2Compounding:1.Definition2.Criteriatodefineacompoundandtodistinguishitfromaphrase;3.Featuresofcompound;4.Classificationofcompounds;5.Functionsofcompounds;6.Orthographicprinciplesofcompounds1.Definition:Compoundingisaword-formationprocessofjoiningtomorebasestoformanewunit,acompound.ItisthemostcommondevicewhichhasbeenproductiveateveryperiodoftheEnglishlanguage.(ZhangYunfei,1987:52)2.Criteriatodefineacompoundandtodistinguishitfromaphrase.1)OrthographicCriteria:a)solid:butterfly,layman,gentleman,etc.b)hyphenated:never-ending,cross-examine,etc.c)open:primetime,redtape,redherring,etc.2.Criteriatodefineacompoundandtodistinguishitfromaphrase.2)PhonologicalCriteriaCompoundaccent:amainstressonthefirstelementandsecondarystressonthesecondelement.Normalphraseaccent:asecondarystressonthefirstelementandthemainstressonthesecondelementcompare:agrandpiano----agrandpiano;ablackbird----ablackbird;ablackboard---ablackboard2.Criteriatodefineacompoundandtodistinguishitfromaphrase.2)PhonologicalCriteriastressisnotalwaysareliableindicatorofcompoundstatus.E.g.grass-roots;red‘tape过去分词+名词构成的复合词，重音一概落在第二个组成部分上。inverted‘commasplitin’finitive2.Criteriatodefineacompoundandtodistinguishitfromaphrase.3)Semanticcriterion:Semantically,compoundscanbesaidtohaveameaningwhichmayberelatedtobutcannotalwaysbeinferredfromthemeaningofitscomponentparts.E.g.•flowerpot•workday•backyardNote:wecaninferthemeaningfromthemeaningofitscomponentparts•redtape(官样文章，烦琐拖沓的公事程序)•dogdays（thehottestdayoftheyear）•flatfoot(apoliceman)•blueblood(thequalityofbeinganoblemanbybirth)•blueribbon(anhonorgiventothewinnerofthefirstprize)Note:wecannotinferthemeaningfromthemeaningofitscomponentpartsback4.Criteriatodefineacompoundandtodistinguishitfromaphrase.4)grammaticalcriteriatakegreenhouseandfinedayasanexample:NP:veryfinedayC:verygreenhouseNP:finerdayC:greenerhouseNP:fineday=thedaywhichisfineC:greenhouse=thehousewhichisgreenTheclassificationofcompounding?Compoundsareclassifiedaccordingtopartsofspeechofthecompoundsandsubdividedbythesyntacticrelationofthecompoundingelement.a.Partsofspeech•1.n.compounds•2.adj.compounds•3.v.compoundsb.Syntacticrelation•subjectandverb主谓关系•verbandadverbial动宾关系•verbandadverbial谓状关系•restrictiverelation限制关系•coordinatingrelationship并列关系……4.Classificationofcompounds:1)nouncompounds复合名词adj.+nounharddisk,softdisk,clear-way,dark-lanterneasychair,deadlinenoun+nounmousemat,barcode,paperknife,forgeryringshoelace,lipservice,informationhighway4.Classificationofcompounds:1)nouncompounds复合名词adv.+noun.under-clothes,after-affect,upgrade,overburdenverb-ing+noun.(动名词/现在分词+名词)chewinggum,lodginghouse,bakingpowderreadinglamp,rulingclass,leadingarticle4.Classificationofcompounds:1)nouncompounds复合名词v.+n.swearword,breakwater,driveway,jumpsuitn.+v.nightfall,window-dress,toothpick,watersupply,snowfall4.Classificationofcompounds:1)nouncompounds复合名词v.+adv.show-off,slip-up,put-off,follow-upadv.+v.outlet,upset,downfall,upstart,onflow4.Classificationofcompounds:syntacticrelationofnouncompounds:1)subjectandverb主谓关系2)verbandobject动宾关系3)verbandadverbial动状关系4)subjectandobject主宾关系5)restrictiverelation限定关系6)appositiverelation同位关系7)coordinativerelation并列关系Exercises以所列的单词为第一个成分，根据定义写出复合名词。A.green1.astretchofland,roundatown,wherebuildingisnotallowed,sothatfields,woods,etc.,remain:()2.ashop-keeperwhosellsvegetablesandfruit:()Exercises以所列的单词为第一个成分，根据定义写出复合名词。A.green3.ayoung,inexperiencedperson,especiallymale,whoiseasilycheated:()4.aroominatheatreorconcerthallwhereactors,musicians,etc.,canrestwhennotperforming:()Exercises以所列的单词为第一个成分，根据定义写出复合名词。B.Hand1.asmallbagforawomantocarryhermoneyandpersonalthingsin:()2.ashortbookgivingallthemostimportantinformationaboutasubject:()Exercises以所列的单词为第一个成分，根据定义写出复合名词。B.Hand3.anapparatusthatstopsavehicle,workedbythedriver’shand:()4.abarofwoodormetalfixedbesideaplacewhereonewalksforholdingonto,especiallynearstairs:()Exercises以所列的单词为第一个成分，根据定义写出复合名词。C.after1.thecareortreatmenttosomeoneafteraperiodinhospital,prison,etc.:()2.aneffect(usuallyunpleasant)thatfollowssometimeafterthecaus