Chapter 4 word-formation

Meansofwordformationprefixation1.affixation(derivation)suffixation2.conversion(functionalshift,zeroderivation)3.composition4.back-formation5.blending6.shortening1.affixation(derivation)Definition:It’sawordformationbywhichwordsarecreatedbyaddingderivationalaffixestostems.Thewordsthusformedarederivatives.Itincludesprefixationandsuffixation.A:Prefixation:(A).definition:Itisanewwordformedbyaddingprefixestostems.(B).featuresofprefixes:Generally,prefixesdonotchangewordclassbutonlymodifyitsmeaning.Exceptions:a-;de-;en-;be-;(C).typesofcommonprefixesTypesofcommonprefixes(I)(1).negativeprefixes:in-(im-,il-,ir-);dis-;un-;non-(2).pejorativeprefix:mis-.mal-,pseudo-.(3).prefixesofdegreeorsize:super-,arch-,macro-,micro-,mini-,over-,(4).prefixesofattitude:anti-,counter-,pro-,co-Typesofcommonprefixes(II)(5).locativeprefixes:inter-,intra-,fore-,trans-,sub-,(6).prefixesoftime:ex-,fore-,post-,pre-,re-(7).numberprefixes(theformer:Greek,thelatter:Latin)Semi-;demi-Uni-;mono-Bi-,ambi-;di-Tri-;tert-(8).otherprefixesneo-,eco-,bene-vice-,amphi-B.suffixation(A).featuresofsuffixes:changewordclass(B).typesofsuffixes(1).verbsuffix:meaning“become…,cause…,”:-fy,-ate-,-ise-/ize-,-en(2).nounsuffix（Seethenexttwo）(3).Adj.Suffix:表示性质或状态或特性或形状-ed,-ful,-ish,-less,-like,-ly,-y,-ic,-ical,-al,-ous,ious,-eous;-able,-ible,-ive,-some,-ate,-atic,-ary(4).advsuffix:-ly,-wise(intermsof),-wardsNounsuffix(1)表示人:-er,-or,-ist,-ant(inhabitant),-ate(advocate),-ain(captain),-ee,-eer,-ar(liar),-ary(adversary),-arian(vegetarian),-ard(coward),-ician(beautician)表示事物:-er(lighter,silencer),-or(mirror,insulator)表示行为:-ation,accusation,taxation;-sion,expansion,collision;-age,breakage,stoppage;表示抽象名词：-ship,-sion,-hood,-ism,-age,-dom,-ful,-ition,-ery,robbery,scenery,imagery,adultery;-ity,maturity.–ment;-al,revival;-ance,-ence.Nounsuffix(2)表示地点场所：-ium,stadium,gymnasium,beautorium;-ery,refinery,bakery,brewery;-ory,laboratory,observatory.lavatory.表示疾病：-osis:tuberculosis,neurosis;-itis:bronchitis;-ia,hysteria,pneumonia,anaemia贫血.表示学科-logy;-ics,dynamics,statistics;-ry,husbandry（农牧业；对资源的管理）,forestry,Exercises1.用否定前缀in-(及其变体),un-,non-构成下列单词反义词1.mature:2.regular:3.considerate:4.noble:5.contentious:6.legitimate7.metal:8.passive:9.ferrous10.accuracy:11.endurable:12.variance13.inductive:14.legible:15.reasonable16.rational:17.scrupulous:18.staple19:balance:20.legalize:2.填入适当的后缀形式1)-able,ible:dispens_,convert_____,toler___,revers___2)-ant,-ent:assist____,resist___,consist___,persist_______3)ar,er,or:calculat__,li__,subscrib__,surviv__4)ary,ery:confection___,adverse__,tribut___,monast__5)ious,ous,eous,uous:caprice__任性,contempt__,moment__,spontan___3.将下列词变成动词,然后选词填空,完成句子.hard,horror,modern,memory,false,apology,deep,glory,sterile,length,intense,beauty,fat,sympathy1.He_____forinterruptingher.2.Shetriedto_____herroomwithpostersandplants.3.Astudyhasbeenorderedintothefeasibilityof_____theairport’smainrunwaybytwohundredmeters.4.Howevermuchthey___withher,theyallfeltitwasherfault.5.Soyaisexcellentfoodto____cattle.6.Shelaughedandthatseemedto_____hervoice.7.Fortythousandpoundhadbeenspenton____thestation.8.____thebottlesbyimmersingtheminboilingwaterfor15minutes.4.写出下列数目的前缀和前缀halfonetwothreeKeytotheexercises:11.immature2.irregular3.inconsiderate4.ignoble不光彩的5.noncontentious非争论性的6.illegitimate7.nonmetal8.impassive冷漠的9.nonferrous不含铁的10.inaccuracy11.unendurable12.invariance13.noninductive无电感的14.illegible难辨认的15.unreasonable16.irrational17.unscrupulous无道德的18.nonstaple19:unbalance20.illegalize使成为非法1)dispensable,convertible,tolerable,reversible2)assistant,resistent,consistent,persistent3)calculator,liar,subscriber订户,survivor4)confectionery糖果店,adversary敌手,tributary支流,monastery修道院5)ious,ous,eous,uous:capricious反复无常的,contemptuous,momentous重大的,spontaneousKeytotheexercises:2Keytotheexercises:31.apologized2.beautify3.lengthening4.sympathized5.fatten6.deepen7.modernize8.Sterilizeharden(hardenone’sheart),horrify(ahorrifyingsight),memorize(memorizethewords),falsify(falsifyrecords伪造记录）,glorify（glorifythehero’sdeeds),intensify(intensifythedifference)Keytotheexercises:4halfsemi-,demi-oneuni-,mono-twobi-,ambi-;di-threetri-;tert-2.Conversion(functionalshift,zeroderivation):A.Definition:thewordformationofnewwordsbychangingwordsofoneclasstoanotherclasswithoutthechangeofwordform.B.Majortypesofconversion(1).convertedNoun:V→N;PhraseV→N;A.→N.A.→N:fullconversion,partialconversion.fullconversion.Anounfullyconvertedfromanadj.hasallthecharacteristicsofanoun:-s(es),-`s,modifiedbyanadj.,ora/an.partialconversion.Nounspartiallyconverteddonothaveallthequalitiesanounhas.Theyhavesomeofthefeaturesofanadj.Theymustbeusedwith“the”.Majortypesofconversion(2).convertedAdj.Noun→Adj.SeeP.21-25.Phrases→Adj.over-the-counterdrugtheturn-of-the-centurytouristindustry.IntheUS,right-to-dielegislationhasbeenintroducedinatleast15states.Industrialproductionroseatahigher-than-expectedrateof0.8percentlastmonthashotweatherincreasedtheuseofelectricity,whilefactoriesturnedoutmorecommunicationsequipmentan