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Chapter4Blending，BackformationandShorteningBlendingisaprocessofwordformationbywhichawordiscreatedbycombiningpartsofotherwords.Wordsformedinthiswayarecalledblends.Frommorphologicalviewpoints,therearefourtypesofblending:botel:boat+hotel汽艇游客旅馆smaze:smoke+haze烟霾advertistics:advertising+statistics广告统计学1.Thefirstpartofthefirstword+thelastpartofthesecondword:autocide:automobile+suicide撞车自杀altiport:altitude+airport高山短距起落机场ballute:balloon+parachute减速汽球chunnel:channel+tunnel海峡隧道lunacast:lunar+telecast登月电视广播carbecue:car+barbecue一种用火烤法处理废弃车辆的熔车装置jazzotheque:jazz+discotheque爵士音乐夜总会lunarnaut:lunar+astronaut登月宇宙航行员2.thewholepartofthefirstword+lastpartofthesecondword:Nixonomics:Nixon+economics尼克松的经济政策workfare:work+welfare工作福利helipad:helicopter+pad直升飞机升降场medicaid:medical+aid美国的医疗补助方案medicare:medical+care医疗照顾方案3.thewholeformofthesecondword+thefirstpartofthefirstword:Eurasian:Europe+Asian欧亚混血儿motown:motor+town汽车城psywar:psychological+warfare心里战Amerind:American+Indian美洲印第安人memcon:memorandum+conversation谈话记录4.thefirstpartofthefirstword+thefirstpartofthesecondword:sitcom:situation+comedy情景喜剧comint:communications+intelligence通讯情报humint:human+intelligence间谍情报comsat:communications+satellite通讯卫星Thewordsformedinthiswayareoftenregardedasnoncewords.However,somewordshavebeenacceptedintostandardEnglishsuchasbrunch,smog,motel.Itseemsinscientificfields,thisprocessofwordformationisespeciallyusefulinlexicalizingascientificconcept:telex:teleprinter+exchange用户直通电报pulsar:pulse+quasar脉冲星skylab:sky+laboratory空中实验室biorhythm:biological+rhythm生理节奏mascon:mass+concentration质量密集Someoftheblendsareespeciallyeffectiveincertaincontexts:e.gAlongtimeNixonbacker,heassumesadawkstanceontheproblem.dawk:dove+hawk介乎鸽派和鹰派之间的中间人物e.g.Thewholeareahavebeenturnedintoonehugeautopia.autopia:auto+utopia轿车适宜行驶的地区BackformationBackformationisaprocessofwordformationbywhichawordisformedbydeletingthesupposedaffixes:1.Fromnounsa:peddle:frompeddlerb:burgle:fromburglarc:beg:frombeggard:orate:fromoratore:auth:fromauthorf:emote:fromemotiong:caretake:fromcaretakerh:free-associate:fromfree-associationi:enthuse:fromenthusiasm2.Fromadjectivesa:peeve:frompeevishb:gloom:fromgloomyc:frivol:fromfrivolousd:coseorcoze:fromcosye:laze:fromlazyf:greed:fromgreedyg:grue:fromgruesome3.Bydroppingthesupposedprefixa:flappable:fromunflappable易惊慌的b:ept:fromineptShortening(Abbreviation)1.Clippedwords1)toclipthefrontpartofaworda:phone:fromtelephoneb:varsity:fromuniversityc:chute:fromparachute2)toclipthebackpartofaworda:ad:advertisementb:exam:examinationc:mod:modernd:pro:professionale:demo:demonstrationf:exp.:expositiong:memo:memorandumh:lib:liberation3)toclipboththefrontandthebackpartsofaworda:flu:influenzab:Tec:detectivec:fridge:refrigerator4）Phraseclippings:pub:publichousepop-singer:popularsongsingerlube:lubricatingoilInitialises:Initialismsarewordsformedbytheinitiallettersofwordsandpronouncedasletters:C.O.D:cashondeliveryEEC:EuropeanEconomicCommunityFBI:FederalBureauofInvestigatione.g.:exempligratia:forexampleAcronymsarewordsformedbytheinitiallettersofwordsandpronouncedaswords:Acronyms:OPEC:OrganisationofPetroleumExportCountriesNATO:NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganisationSALT:StrategicArmsLimitationTalks