非谓语动词 动词不定式

专升本英语辅导语法专题非谓语动词之不定式过去分词不定式-ing形式非谓语动词现在分词动名词1.不定式的句法功能to+do，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。不定式作主语不定式作表语不定式作宾语不定式作宾语补足语不定式作状语不定式作定语2.不定式的时态和语态1.1不定式作主语不定式在句中可作主语。在实际运用中往往由“it”代替它作形式主语，不定式则移至谓语之后。不定式也可有它的逻辑主语，当系动词后的表语是用来说明不定式本身的，用for＋代词/名词；当系动词的表语是用来说明逻辑主语的，用of＋代词/名词。1.不定式的句法功能＊Itisimportant/hard/easy/necessaryforsb.todosth.＊Itiskind/foolish/niceofsb.todosth.＊Itisapity/ashame/anhonor/apleasuretodosth.＊Ittakes/tooksb.sometimetodosth.1.2不定式作表语表示目的、安排、命令或预计要发生的动作、情况等。如果主语部分有实义动词do,则可省略to。e.g.Thebestwaytodointhepresentsituationiswaitandsee.1.3不定式作宾语1.3.1动词＋不定式：此类动词有：afford,arrange,appear,agree,attempt,choose,claim,decide,decline,determine,desire,expect,fail,hope,intend,learn,manage,mean,prepare,pretend,plan,promise,refuse,seek,volunteer,want,hesitate,long,know,threaten,wish等。e.g.ThereisamanatthereceptiondeskwhoseemsveryangryandIthinkhemeans______trouble.A.makingB.tomakeC.tohavemakeD.havingmade(B)1.3.2动词＋wh…+不定式作宾语e.g.Thedirectorofthisorganizationmustknow______.A.moneymanagement,selling,andabletosatisfythestockholders.B.howtomanagemoney,sellinghisproduct,andbeabletosatisfythestockholders.C.howtomanagemoney,sellhisproduct,andsatisfythestockholders.D.moneymanagement,selling,theideaofbeingableasatisfythestockholders(C)1.3.3动词＋it+a./n..+不定式e.g.IfinditdifficulttofollowtheprofessorforIhaven’tpreparedfortheclass.1.4动词不定式作宾语补足语省略to的不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：hear,listento,feel,see,lookat,watch,notice,observe,perceive,let,make,bid,have,note,leave,help等。e.g.Mysister’sprofessorhadher______herpapermanytimesbeforeallowinghertopresentittothecommittee.A.rewrittenB.towriteC.rewriteD.rewriting(C)1.5不定式作状语表示目的、结果、原因、条件、伴随等。e.g._______ateacherinauniversity,itisnecessarytohaveatleastamaster’sdegree.A.TobecomeB.BecomeC.OnebecomesD.Onbecoming(A)1.6不定式作定语1.6.1动词不定式与其所修饰的词之间往往有动宾关系。如果该不定式是不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。e.g.Givemeasheetofpapertowriteon.Visitorstothesitearemostlyyoung.1.6.2有些名词后常跟不定式作定语，此类常见名词有：way,right,chance,ambition,ability,attempt,promise,tendency等。e.g.Hisattempttosolvetheproblemturnedouttobeafailure.1.6.3不定式用在句子中作定语经常表示将来时态。e.g.ThelecturetofollowwillincludetheradicalchangesbroughtaboutbyFrenchRevolution.thebuildingtobebuiltthecandidatetobeinterviewed2.不定式的时态和语态2.1一般时态todo:表示的动作与谓语的动作是同时发生的，或是在其后发生的。e.g.ThestudentsarelearningtosinganEnglishsong.2.2进行时态tobedoing:表示的动作与谓语的动作是同时发生的，而且正在进行着。e.g.Theteacherseemstobegettingalongquitewellwiththestudents.Whenherparentscamebacklastnight,shehappenedtobedoingherhomework2.3完成时态tohavedone:用来表示先于谓语动词发生的动作或状态。若用在intended,hoped,meant,planned等词后，表示过去没有实现的愿望、期待或计划等。e.g.Iamsorrytohavekeptyouwaiting.Imeanttohavedroppedinatyouroffice.(但没来)2.4动词不定式的被动语态在不定式中，如果不定式的逻辑主语是不定式动作的执行者时，不定式要用主动语态；如果不定式的逻辑主语是不定式动作的承受者，不定式用被动语态。试比较：Theteacheraskedthestudentstogooutforsomefreshair.(主动式)Thecelebrationshavetobeputoffbecauseofthestormyweather.(被动式)e.g.Thethingtobedoneistocarryawaytheearth.e.g.ADreamoftheRedChamberissaid_______intodozensoflanguagesinthelastdecade.A.tohavebeentranslatedB.totranslateC.tobetranslatedD.tohavetranslatedA