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非谓语动词•在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式:不定式，动名词，和分词(分词包括现在分词和过去分词)。•不定式的时态和语态•时态\语态主动被动•一般式todotobedone•进行式tobedoing•完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone•完成进行式tohavebeendoing•1)一般式：表示的动词，有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。•Heseemstoknowthis.•Ihopetoseeyouagain.=IhopethatI'llseeyouagain.我希望再见到你。•2)进行时：表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。•Heseemstobeeatingsomething.•3)完成时：表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。•I'msorrytohavegivenyousomuchtrouble.•Heseemstohavecaughtacold.•4)完成进行时：•Sheisknowntohavebeenwreakingontheproblemformanyyears.•动词不定式的否定式•Tellhimnottoshutthewindow…•ShepretendednottoseemewhenIpassedby.我走过的时候，她假装没看见。•不定式作主语•Todomorningexerciseseverydayisgoodforyourhealth.•Toseeistobelieve.•形式主语it•1）It'seasy(forme)todothat.我做这事太容易了•easy,difficult,hard,important,possible,impossible,comfortable,necessary,better;thefirst,thenext,thelast,thebest,toomuch,toolittle,notenough•It'ssonicetohearyourvoice.•听到你的声音真高兴。•It'snecessaryforyoutolockthecarwhenyoudonotuseit.•当你不用车的时候，锁车是有必要的。•forsb.常用于表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如easy,hard,difficult,interesting,impossible等：•It'sveryhardforhimtostudytwolanguages.对他来说学两门外语是很难的。•2)It'sverykindofyoutohelpus.他帮助我们，他真好。•Kind,nice,stupid,rude,clever,foolish,thoughtful,thoughtless,brave,considerate(考虑周到的),silly,selfish(自私的)•Itwassillyofustobelievehim.我们真愚蠢，竟然相信了他。•Itseemedselfishofhimnottogivethemanything.•他不给他们任何东西，这显得太自私了。•ofsb的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如good,kind,nice,clever,foolish,right。•It'sveryniceofyoutohelpme.你来帮助我，你真是太好了。•for与of的辨别方法：•用介词后面的代词作主语，用介词前边的形容词作表语，造个句子。如果道理上通顺用of，不通则用for。如：•Youarenice.(通顺，所以应用of)。•Heishard.(人是困难的，不通，因此应用for。)•3).Ittakessb.sometimetodosth.•Ittookmeanhourtodothehomework.•不定式作表语•不定式可放在be动词后面，形成表语。例如：•Myworkistocleantheroomeveryday.•Hisdreamistobeadoctor.•不定式作定语•不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后。如果不定式为不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。例如：•Ihavealotofworktodo.•Sohemadesomecandlestogivelight•Hehasnoroomtolivein.•不定式作宾语•1)动词+不定式•affordaimappearagreearrangeaskbedecidebothercarechoosecomedaredemanddesiredetermineexpectelectendeavor•hopefailhappenhelphesitatelearnlongmeanmanageofferoughtplanpreparepretendpromiserefuseseemtendwaitwishbesaid+todo•wouldhate/like/love+todosth.•Thedriverfailedtoseetheothercarintime.•司机没能及时看见另一辆车。•Ihappentoknowtheanswertoyourquestion.•我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。•I'dliketohaveacupofcoffee.•在口语中，为避免重复，常用to代替不定式结构，有时甚至可以把to省略。如：•—DidyougotovisittheGreatWall?•—No,Iwantedto,buttherewasn'tenoughtime.•在why引起的问句中，省略to。如：•Whyspendsuchalotofmoney?•Whynotwaitforacoupleofdays?•当两个或更多作用相同的不定式并列使用时，只在第一个不定式前加to。如：•It'squitenecessaryforustoreadmoreandhavemorepractice.•2）动词+疑问词+to•decide,know,considerforget,learn,remember,show,understand,see,wonder,hear,findout,explain,tell•Pleaseshowushowtodothat.请演示给我们如何去做。•Therearesomanykindsoftape-recordersonsalethatIcan'tmakeupmymindwhichtobuy.有这么多的录音机，我都拿不定主意买哪一种。•3)当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时，先用形式宾语it代替不定式，把不定式置于补语之后，即：主语＋find,feel,think,consider等动词＋it＋补语＋todo句式。如：•Wethinkitquiteimportantforustolearnaforeignlanguagewell.•Hefeelsithisdutytohelpthepoor.•4）介词but,except,besides+todo(do)•在这种句型中，如介词前有动词do，后面应接不带to的不定式；如无do，则接to不定式，即带do不带to，带to不带do。如：•Theenemysoldiershadnochoicebuttogivein.OnSundayafternoonIhadnothingtodobutwatchTV.•不定式作补语:动词+宾语+不定式(todo)•adviseallowappointbelievecausechallengecommandconsiderdeclaredriveenableencouragefindforbidforceguesshire•informinviteknoworderpermitpersuaderemindreportrequestrequireselectsendsupposetellthinktraintrustwarn•a.Fatherwillnotallowustoplayonthestreet.•父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。•b.Webelievehimtobeguilty.•我们相信他是有罪的。•在使役动词let,have,make，感官动词see,watch,lookat,notice,observe,hear,listento,smell,feel,find等后作宾补，省略to。•注意：在被动语态中则to不能省掉。•Isawhimdance.•=Hewasseentodance.•Thebossmadethemworkthewholenight.•=Theyweremadetoworkthewholenight.•不定式作状语•1）目的状语•To…onlyto(仅仅为了),inorderto,soasto,so(such)…asto…(如此……以便……)•Heransofastastocatchthefirstbus.他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。。•Icomehereonlytosaygood-byetoyou.我来仅仅是向你告别•2）作结果状语，too…to..,enough…to..•Heisstilltooyoungtogotoschool.•WhathaveIsaidtomakeyouangry.•Hesearchedtheroomonlytofindnothing.•Hewenttothecinemainahurryonlytofindthathehadseenthefilmbefore.•如在too前有否定词，则整个句子用否定词表达肯定，too后那个词表达一种委婉含义，意为不太。•It'snevertoolatetomend.(谚语)•改过不嫌晚。•当too前面有only,all,but时，意思是：非常…等于very。•I'monlytoopleasedtobeabletohelpyou.我非常高兴能帮助你。•Hewasbuttooeagertogethome.他非常想回家。•3)表原因•I'mgladtoseeyou.•省to的动词不定式•1）情态动词(除ought外，oughtto)：•4）wouldrather，hadbetter：•5）Why…/whynot…：•6）help可带to，也可不带to,helpsb(to)dosth：•动名词•时态\语态主动被动•一般式doingbeingdone•完成式havingdonehavingbeendone•①一般式：动名词的一般式所表示的动作可以是泛指，也可与谓语动词同时发生，或发生在谓语动作之前、之后。如：•Weareinterestedincollectingstamps.•IshallneverforgetseeingtheGreatWallforthefirsttime.•Wearenotafraidofdying.•②完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前。如：•Iimaginehavingtraveledonthemoon.•Wewerepraisedforhavingfinishedtheworkaheadoftime.•被动语态•①如果动名词的逻辑主语为动名词所表示的动作的承受者，动名词要用被动语态，动名词的被动语态有一般式与完成式之分。如：•Theyoungmancameinwithoutbeingnoticed.•Hepridedhimselfonhavingneverbeenbeateninclass.•动名词作主语、宾语和表语,定语•1）作主语•FightingbrokeoutbetweentheSouthandtheNorth..南方与北方开战了。•Seeingisbelieving.•Learningwithoutpracticeisnogood.•动名词作主语时，也常用It句式。如：•①It's+nogood(nouse,fun,apleasure,awasteoftime)+doing…•It'snogoodread