形容词和副词形容词修饰名词,说明事物或人的性质或特征。形容词性质形容词叙述形容词直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词,它有级的变化,可以用程度副词修饰,在句中可作定语、表语和补语。例如:hotTodayisveryhot.It’sahotday.叙述形容词只能作表语,所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化,也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类。如,afraid错:Heisanillman.对:Themanisill.错:Sheisanafraidgirl.对:Thegirlisafraid.这类词还有:well,unwell,ill,faint,afraid,alike,alive,alone,asleep,awake(一)作定语1.前置定语(1)形容词作定语一般需放在它所修饰的名词之前并尽量靠近被修饰的词。在这种位置上的定语叫前置定语。语序一般为“冠词(或其他限定词)+形容词+名词”。Heisanhonestboy.形容词的功能及位置:(2)若有多个形容修饰名词,它们的位置要由它们与被修饰词的密切程度来决定。其排列顺序通常是:(县官行令杀国材)限定词+描绘性形容词+大小+形状+新旧+颜色+国籍、地区+表材料质地的形容词+名:县,即“限”,指限定词,如:the;a/an;this;that;your;my;官,即“观”,指观点或评价性词,如:lovely;interesting;cute行,即“形”,指形状大小,如:large;big;small;little;round;令,即“龄”,指年龄及新旧,如:new;old;ancient;old…杀,即“色”,指颜色,如:red;green;orange;brown…国,指国家或出处,如:Chinese;Japanese;home-made…材,指材料,也就是用什么做的。如:glass;stone;wood举例:1.Chinese,glass,a,beautiful,tableabeautifulChineseglasstable2.wonderful,my,garden,new,largemywonderfullargenewgarden3.a,round,table,smallasmallroundtable4.a,old,dirty,brownshirtadirtyoldbrownshirt练习:Tonyisgoingcampingwith______boys.A.littletwootherB.twolittleotherC.twootherlittleD.littleothertwo答案:C.由\“限定词--数词--描绘Onedaytheycrossedthe____bridgebehindthepalace.A.oldChinesestoneB.ChineseoldstoneC.oldstoneChineseD.Chinesestoneold答案A.年龄+国家+材料。2.后置定语(1)作不定代词的定语修饰someone,something,anyone,anything,nobodyeveryone,nothing,noone,等不定代词时,要后置。Thereisnothingnew.Shemusthavemetsomethingdangerous.(2)前缀以a-构成的形容词作定语时要求后置。常见的有afraid,alive,alike,asleep,awake等ThemanawakeatthattimewasMr.Smith.(3)形容词短语作定语时要后置。这些形容词短语多是由“形容词+介词短语/不定式短语”构成。Itisaproblemdifficulttosolve.(4)形容词成对使用时,由and/or连接的并列形容词成对使用时后置。Everyone,youngorold,willdoit.(5)表示方位、时间和数量等习语、词组连用时后置Thisisarivertwohundredmileslong.Itisabridgeeightmetreswide.(二)作表语1.在连系动词后要用形容词作表语:常见的连系动词有:be,look,feel,smell,taste,sound,get/become/grow,remain,而行为动词则要用副词修饰。Thecaketastesdelicious.Helooksverytired.2.只能用作表语的形容词:大多数形容词可以用作定语或表语,但有些形容词只能用作表语。(1)以“a-”开头的形容词和content,ill,drunk,sure,liable,unable,well等词。Sheisasleepnow.Thefilmisworthseeing.(2)有些形容词是以-ly结尾的,我们容易把它们误认为是副词,如lovely,friendly,orderly,motherly,lonely,likely,lively,ugly:(错)Hespoketomeveryfriendly.(对)Hespoketomeinaveryfriendlyway.但有些以-ly结尾既为形容词,也为副词,如daily,weekly,monthly,yearly,early等:TheTimesisaweeklypaper.TheTimesispublishedweekly.(3)作表语但不用人做主语的形容词convenient,possible,impossible,necessary,ItisimportanttolearnEnglishwell.(三)作补语(主语补足语或宾语补足语)在动词consider,find,believe,think,make,get,leave,set,keep等词后常用形容词作主语补足语或宾语补足语。Moneywasalsothoughtimportant.Theroomwasfoundempty.IconsiderJimhonest.Imustgetthebreakfastready.(四)作状语在描绘性文字中,形容词(短语)或形容词化分词有时起状语作用,说明主句所述的原因、时间或主语所处境况或意义增补。(1)表原因表原因的形容词(短语)或形容词化分词多放在句首,相当于原因状语从句,句子的主语亦是其逻辑主语。Thirstyandhungry(=Ashewasthirstyandhungry),hewenttothefarmer’scottagetoaskforsomethingtoeat.Frightened(Becauseshewasfrightened),sheaskedmetogowithher.(2)表时间形容词(短语)表主句所发生的时间,放在句首。其作用相当于一个时间状语从句。Ripe(=Whentheyareripe),theorangestastesweet.(3)说明主语的境况或意义增补形容词(短语)表示主语所处境况或意义增补时,常放在句末。相当于一个和主句并列的句子。Holmesfoundthemanlyingonthefloor,dead(=andhewasdead).Onewomanwaslyinginbed,awake(=andshewasawake).(五)用形容词表示类别和整体(1)某些形容词前加上the变成名词化的形容词,相当于名词,表示一类人,在句子中做主、宾等。thedead,theliving,therich,thepoor,theblindTheyoungshouldrespecttheold.(2)有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体,与动词的复数连用,如theBritish,theEnglish,theFrench,theChinese等:TheEnglishhavewonderfulsenseofhumor.(1)whole与all:①thewhole+名词;②all(of)the+名词。Hewasbusythewholemorning.Hecanrememberallthewordshelearns.(2)real与true:real一般指东西的真假,译为“真的”;true则指事情或消息的可靠性,译为“真实的”:Thisisarealdiamond。--Isthattrue?--Yes.Ihearditwithmyownears.(六)有关形容词的用法辨析(3)tall与high:Tall指身高的高度,用于人和动物,反义词为shortHeisveryshort/tall.High指物体的高度,另可形容价格,质量等,反义词为lowThekiteisflyingveryhigh.Tall和high都可用来指tree,building,tower等,但mountain只能用high形容。(4)toomuch与muchtoo:toomuch表示“太多的”,修饰事物数量;muchtoo表示“太过,过分”,修饰形容词或副词:IamfullbecauseIhavehadtoomuchrice.Thatcoatismuchtoodear.(5)lonely与alone:lonely是表示心理活动的形容词,“孤独的,寂寞的”,作定语或表语;alone“独自的,单独的”,指无人陪伴,仅作表语,(作为副词的alone可作状语):Helivesalonebuthedoesn’tfeellonely.(6)quick、fast与soon:quick往往指反应速度快,fast往往指运动速度快,soon则表示时间上很快即将发生:Afteraquickbreakfast,hehurriedtoschool.Atrainismuchfasterthanabus.HisfatherwillbebacktoChinaverysoon.(7)other与else:other放在名词前;else修饰不定代词、疑问词、little、much后置,另外,orelse表示“否则”,是连词:TheotherstudentsareontheplaygroundWhoelsecanworkoutthismathsproblem?Doyouhaveanythingelsetosayforyourself?副词就是修饰或限制动词或形容词作用、表程度或范围的词⑴作状语:1.程度副词:much,little,very,rather,so,too,still,quite,enough,almost,hardly.(1)程度副词一般放在被修饰的动词、形容词或副词的前面,放在tobe或第一个助动词和情态动词之后Icanhardlybelievewhathesaid.Iamveryhappytobewithyou.ThelasttimeIspoketoBob,heseemedverysad.(2)too(that,this,as,so,how,however)+形容词+a/an+名词I’veneverseenthatbiganapple.Thisistoodifficultaquestion.副词enough要放在形容词的后面,形容词enough放在名词前后都可:IfIhadalongenoughholidayI‘dvisitEurope.Thereisenoughfoodforeveryonetoeat.=Thereisfoodenoughforeveryonetoeat.2.频度副词:often,sometimes,seldom,never,constantly,frequently,occasionally,usually等。通常在不需要强调时放在行为动词前,放在tobe或第一个助动词和情态动词之后。常用的这类词:Ioftensawherwalkinthepark.Heisalwaysta