SectionⅡMaterialsPropertiesChapⅤ材料性能与张量基础1材料性能的种类按照对外场的响应分为物理性能结构敏感和结构不敏感稳态的和非稳态的平衡的和非平衡的物理、化学、力学电学(对电场):电导率、介电常数磁学(磁场):磁导率、矫顽场热学(热场):热导率、热膨胀、热容声学(弹性波):传播速率光学(电磁场):折射率、光吸收力学性能(力场):弹性模量、强度、韧性、……化学性能:耐腐蚀性能工艺性能:可延性2材料的基本物理性能J=KF其中F为外场,J为对外场的响应,K为材料的性能。电-力-磁-光-热⑴对角线上的基本性能a线性:K与F无关Hooke定律:σ=C•εC:弹性模量Maxwell方程:B=μ•Hμ:磁导率ohm定律:J=σ•Eσ:电导率Maxwell方程:D=ε•Eε:介电常数光:n2=εn:折射率热:q=-λ△Tλ:热导率Fick定律:b非线性:当F很大时,K与F无关例如:避雷针,非线性光学玻璃,压敏电阻。⑵非对角线(耦合性能)两外场之间的作用。D=d•σ,S=d•E扩散系数:DCDJ)(FKFJ3性能物理量的张量表示⑴标量(Scalar):常量(数)⑵矢量(Vector):既有大小又有方向⑶张量(Tensor):Tijkl……332211xpxpxpp⑶合性能(CombinationProperties)几个基本性能的组合例如:Possionratio泊松比S=C-1C:杨氏模量K:体积模量G:剪切模量声速=品质因子(figureofmerit):两个或多个参量的组合。positive,negative(a)poissanratio(b)光子晶体(c)折射率(d)热缩冷涨)23(2231112GKGKSScc张量符号T(Scalar)零阶张量:30=1TTi(Vector)1阶张量:31=3[T1T2T3]或Tij二阶张量:32=9Tijk三阶张量:33=27Tijkl四阶张量:34=81333231232221131211TTTTTTTTT321TTT4张量基础⑴Einstein求和约定31313212111jjijjijiEEEEEJ哑标dummyindex自由下标freeindex⑵坐标变换)',cos(''''''''jiijjijijiijjiiijjiijjiixxxxaaPPxxPxxPxPxPxPPxPP⑶张量的变换0阶A=A’1阶2阶3阶⑷张量应用a单晶性质(不同方向)b多晶体中,晓得单晶性质的加和,求新坐标系下的性质jijiaPP'ijijaPP'ljikklijaa'nkmjlilmnijkaaaTT'⑸张量的运算•加减A+B=C•数乘k•A•张量相乘①外积②内积)(阶(阶)(阶)tsCtBsAijklklij哑标出现次数阶)(阶)(阶):(nntsCtBsAijklijkl⑹张量的对称性•对称张量:•反对称张量:•张量变换不影响对称性:jiijAAjiijAA'jiijAAChap.6材料性能的张量表示与矩阵表达1零阶张量(常量)ρ(密度)T(温度)ωV2一阶张量性质•热释电系数(Pyroelectric)温度变化极化热释电系数:::TPpTpPiiii具有热释电性能的点群•没有对称中心6mm,4mm,3m,1,2,3,4,6•有极性轴•Neumman原理:晶体对称操作后,性能不发生变化。有对称中心时:0'0'0''332211PPPPPPPPaPjijjiji例1推导m3点群是否会有热释电效应释电效应这种结构的材料没有热时,当时,同理:当时,当000000'''''100010001112233213213iNeummaniijiijPPxmPxmPPPPPPPPaPaxm例2.4mm0''''10000101021321312PPPPPPPPPaPaiijiij3二阶张量性质所有材料都具有偶数阶张量两阶张量包括:电导率、热导率、磁导率、扩散系数、介电常数、热膨胀系数。1)电导率:各向同性材料的电导率只有一个值,各向异性(如三斜)jijiEJ电场方向电流方向332313232212131211jiij例:m3点群的电导率0100010001100010001100010001'100010001'23133323132322121312113323132322121312113323132322121312113ijijijTijijijijaxmaa时,当3次旋转轴平行于[111]时,11111133221212111112331222121133221233221212110000000000000001000110000000100011000000001100010'001100010ijTijijijijijaaaSummary•1ordertensor•Pyroelectriccoefficent2222222222212212212112212212221113],,[]],,][,,cos[[coscwbvaucwbvaucwwbvvauuwvuwvuPPwvu2ndordertensor}],,,cos([],,[],,[iijiijwvuijjijixwvuLLLwvuPEJ的电导率对于晶体材料任意方向质。是所有材料都具有的性2)应力(stress)jiijxjxiT作用面垂直于作用方向平行..:332211TTTTTjiij切应力主轴应力(张应力+、压应力-)①②6个矩阵记法下标缩并:1122331213=3123=32123654③对称性jiijTT),,,,,(654321332322131211TTTTTTTTTTTTTikljkikijTaaT'Eg.(1)静水压力(2)单轴应力3)应变(strain)应变源:力、热、电。PTTTTTT3216540ATTTTTT32165400tgxuexuxuexxuxuerueudrrudujjijiijjiijijjii2112111111:方向的伸长或收缩。沿位移梯度。位移;jiijijjiijjiijijijijijijjiijjiijijijSSrurueeSjiejiRjijieSeeeeRSe①对称性)(21)(2100)(21)(21kljlikijijSaaSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSeeeeeeeeeS'212121)(21)(21)(216543211221311332233322116654321654321342561333223223113211211③矩阵记法个独立分量,可缩并②二阶张量。②热胀(①容变。:)exp)1()1)(1)(1(0..3321321654ijijijTSansionthermalSSSSSSSSSSgeikijkiTdPyelectricitpropertiestensororderrd才有。少数无对称中心的材料压电()3.4电应力3313332132311312312322122211211311312112111111TdTdTdTdTdTdTdTdTdPd133d233d111d333d112d113d132d131d123d122d121d223d211d212d213d311d312d313d323矩阵记法个单独变量。个变量变成使363534333231262524232221161514131211654321211213233322111827ddddddddddddddddddddMjkddTTiMijkikjijkkjjk•对称性对压电系数的影响。①有对称中心的材料d=0证:332211'''111xxxxxxaijlmnknjmilijkdaaad'0))()(())()((0))()(())()((0))()(())()((113311'3'1'1'113112211'2'1'1'112111111'1'1'1'111dxxxxxxddxxxxxxddxxxxxxd:::··············0'ijkd②BaTiO3-t四方4mm(四次旋转轴平行X3)所有含有奇数个1的=0所有含有奇数个2的=04次对称轴3'32'21'1xxxxxx3'32'21'1xxxxxx3'31'22'1xxxxxx00000/0000/00003331311524152432322223'1'1'3'31124223322'3'1'1'113ddddddddddxxxxxxdddxxxxxxd)(222)(4145156162312313113121123132121113313322122111113313323123131132312322122121121311312112111111TdTdTdTdTdTdTdTdTdTdTdTdTdTdTdTdTdTdTdTdTdP•应用o压电效应可用作压电变压器、人造皮肤o光电效应MiMiTdP6,5,423,2,1MddMddijkiMijkiM000002000020000333131112113ddddddMNL逆压电效应正压电效应kijkijkijkiEdSEdP5.4thordertensorProperties•1)弹性模量Hooke定律Cijkl:弹性系数(刚度)stiffness:顺服系数complianceC=s-1klijklijSCTklijsijklijklTsS个个参数简化为3681jilkijkllkkljiijCCSSTTMNNMNMSCT661611CCCCMN各向异性材料对称个个独立分量变成2136NMMNCC444444111212121112121211CCCCCCCCCCCCCMN各相同性材料)(21121144CCC个独立分量其中有2:)2(31:)(:/1:'121112114411SSratioPoissonCCKModulusBulkCGModulusShearSEModulussYoungkikklik