定语从句theAttributiveClause1.定语从句:2.先行词:3.关系词:引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词通常有下列三个作用:修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that,which,who,whom,whose,as等;关系副词有when,where,why等。A、引导定语从句;B、代替先行词;C、在定语从句中担当一个成分。■关系代词的一般用法先行词是人,在从句中作主语用who,作宾语用whom或who,作定语用whose;先行词是物,在定语从句中作主语或宾语都用which,作定语用ofwhich或whose均可。在限制性定语从句中which,who,whom都可用that代替。关系代词作宾语时常被省略。Thisistheman_____helpedmeyesterday.Theteacher(______________)youwanttoseeiscoming.Imetaboy______fatherwasaastronaut.Hereisthecoat_________willbemadetoyou.Thisisthefactory(_________)wevisitedlastyear.Hehasabook_____cover(=thecover_______)isverybeautiful.whowho/whom/thatwhosewhich/thatwhich/thatwhoseofwhich(作定语)(作主语)(作see的宾语,可以省略)(作定语)(作主语)(作visited的宾语,可以省略)■关系副词的一般用法关系副词有when,where,why,在定语从句中作状语,分别表示时间、地点和原因。when的先行词通常是time,day,season,age,occasion等时间名词;where的先行词通常是place,city,town,village,house,case,situation,scenes等地点或情形名词;why的先行词只能是reason。关系副词when和where有时可用“介词+which”代替,why可用forwhich代替。Thereareoccasions_______________onemustyield.(屈服)Beijingistheplace_______________Iwasborn.Isthisthereason_____________herefusedouroffer?when(=onwhich)where(=inwhich)why(=forwhich)注意:先行词虽然是时间或地点,但若在定语从句中作主语或宾语时,要用关系代词。(1)Thefactory______hisfatherworkedhasclosed.比较:Thefactory__________wasbuiltin1978hasclosed.(2)I’llneverforgetthedays______welivedtogether.比较:I’llneverforgetthedays(______)wespentinAustralia.(3)Thereason(_____)shewasillwasthatshehadeatenbadmeat.比较:Thereason(____)hegaveforhisabsencewasobviouslyfabricated.where(作状语)which/that(作主语)when(作状语)that(作及物动词spent的宾语)why(作状语,用关系副词)that(作gave的宾语,用关系代词)在定语从句中,关系代词which和that都可指物,一般情况下,可以互换使用。但在下列情况下值得注意:■只能用that而不能用which的情形(1)当先行词为:all,little,few,much,none及some-,any-,no-,every-与thing所组成的复合单词时,只能用that。如:Thereisnothingthatwillstopusmakingprogress.(2)当先行词前面有only,some,any,no,every,little,few,much,all,very等形容词修饰时,只能用that。如:Thisistheonlyproblemthatwecan’tworkout.(3)当先行词由形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时,只能用that。如:ThisisthemostinterestingbookthatIhaveeverread.(4)当先行词同时包括人和物时,只能用that。如:Luxunandhisworksthatwearefamiliarwithareconsideredgreat.(5)当先行词在主句中作表语时,只能用that。如:ThisisabookthatIhavebeenlookingforsincelastweek.(6)当主句是以which开头的特殊疑问句时,只能用that。如:Whichisthepicturethatyoudrewyesterday?■只能用which而不能用that的情形(1)当非限制性定语从句中的先行词指物时,只能用which。如:Thepencil-case,whichIboughtlastweek,ismissing.(2)关系代词前面有介词时,只能用which。如:Thetreeunderwhichweusedtotakearesthasbeencutdown.(3)先行词为代词that或that所修饰时,只能用which。如:Idon’ttakethatwhichistooexpensive.who(whom)和that的用法区别详解在定语从句中,关系代词who(whom)和that都可指人和物,在一般情况下,可以互换使用,一、用who(whom)而不用that的情形(1)在非限制性定语从句中的先行词指人时,只能用who(whom)。如:Mysister,whoisstudyingabroad,sentmeabeautifulpresentjustbeforethisChristmas.(2)当定语从句对指人的先行词进行隔位修饰时,只能用who(whom)。如:Doyouknowthegirlinfrontoftheblackboardwhoisspeakingtothestudents?(3)当先行词为people和those时,只能用who(whom)。Thosewhowanttogotherecomehereplease.(4)当先行词为one,ones,anyone,everyone,none,all(指人)时,只能用who(whom)。如:Anyonewhoisagainstusisourenemy.(5)先行词指人,而关系代词在从句中作主语时,一般多用who。如:Themanwhocamehereyesterdaysaidhewouldcomeagaininafewdays.(6)在therebe句型中名词的定语从句多用who(whom)。Therearestudentsinourclasswho/whomyouhavemet.(7)当句子中有两个指人的现行词分别带有两个定语从句时,若一个定语从句的引导词为that,那么,另一个定语从句的引导词必定为who。如:TheboythatyoumetjustnowisLiMing’sbrotherwhojustgraduatedfromauniversity.二、用that而不用who(whom)的情形(1)当先行词前面有形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时,引导词只能用that。如:ThetallestplayerthatplaysfootballforourteamisfromShandong.(2)当先行词前面有only,some,any,no,every,little,few,much,all,very等词修饰时,引导词只能用that。如:Heistheonlystudentthatsaid“no”totheteacher.(3)当主句是以who开头的特殊疑问句时,引导词只能用that。如:Whoiswomanthatyoutalkedwithjustnow?(4)thesameas与thesamethatthesameas所引导定语从句的内容与先行词同类而不同物;thesamethat表示所引导的从句内容与先行词同类同物,即:同一事物。如:SheiswearingthesamecoatthatIlostafewdaysago.SheiswearingthesamecoatasIlostafewdaysago.限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句形式上不用逗号“,”与主句隔开用逗号“,”与主句隔开意义上是先行词不可缺少的定语,如删除,主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整只是对先行词的补充说明,如删除,主句仍能表达完整的意思。译法上译成先行词的定语:“…的”通常译成主句的并列句关系词的使用上1.作宾语时可省略1.不可省略2.可用that2.不用that3.可用who代替whom3.不可用who代替whom非限制性定语从句应注意以下几点:一、非限制性定语从句通常不能用that引导。如:1.Ilikethebook,whichwasboughtyesterday.我喜欢这本书,这是昨天买的。2.Ilikethebookwhich/thatwasboughtyesterday.我喜欢昨天买的那本书。二、非限制性定语从句不能用why引导。要用forwhich代替why。如:1.Ihadtoldthemthereason,forwhichIdidn'tattendthemeeting.我已经把理由告诉了他们,为此我没有去开会。2.IhadtoldthemthereasonwhyIdidn'tattendthemeeting.我告诉了他们我不去开会的理由。(限制性定语从句“thereasonwhy...”是常见搭配。)三、非限制性定语从句置于句首时,不能用which引导。关系代词as引导非限制性定语从句位置比较灵活,可以放主句前,也可以放主句后。如:1.AsIexpected,hedidn'tbelieveme.正如我所预料的,他不相信我。2.Sheheardaterriblenoise,whichbroughtherheartintohermouth.她听到一个可怕的声音,这让她把心都提到嗓子眼了。四、非限制性定语从句由“介词+关系代词”引导时,其中的关系代词不能用as。如:1.Heboughtthecarformorethan$20,000,withwhichhisfatherwasangry.他花两万多美元买了这辆车,他父亲对此很生气。2.Ifinishedmyworkaheadoftime,afterwhichIsatsometimereadingthenewspaper.我提前干完了我的活,随后我坐着看了一会儿报纸。五、在非限制性定语从句中,指人的关系代词作宾语时,只能用宾格whom;不能用who替换,也不能省略。如:1.DoyouknowTom,whomwetalkedabout?你认识汤姆吗?我们谈到过他。2.Thisbook,whichyoucangetatanybookshop,willgiveyoualltheinformationyouneed.这本书会给你提供所有你需要的资料,它在任何一家书店都能买到。(非限制性定语从句中引导词在从句中作宾语,无论指人还是指物都不能省略。)六.Which可指前面整个句子。Thesunsendsoutlightandheat,whichmakesitpossibleforlivingthingstoexistontheearth