TwoCIAPrisonersinChina,1952–73ExtraordinaryFidelityNicholasDujmovic“Shotdownontheirfirstoperationalmission,DowneyandFecteauspenttwodecadesinChineseprisons.”ThisarticledrawsextensivelyonoperationalfilesandotherinternalCIArecordsthatofnecessityremainclassified.BecausethetruestoryofthesetwoCIAofficersiscompellingandhasbeendistortedinmanypublicaccounts,itisretoldhereinasmuchdetailaspossible,despiteminimalsourcecitations.Wheneverpossible,referencestoopensourcesaremadeinthefootnotes.两个CIA囚犯在中国,1952-73非凡的忠诚NicholasDujmovic“在第一次执行任务时被击落后,Downey和Fecteau在中国的监狱中度过了20年”这篇文章引用了许多行动资料和其他一些CIA内部的保密文件。因为两位CIA人员引人注目的真实事件在许多公开的资料中都被歪曲了,除了引用少量的原始资料外,本文尽可能多的在细节方面在此重述该事件。需要的话,请随时参考脚注中的公开资料。***Beijing’scapture,imprisonment,andeventualreleaseofCIAofficersJohnT.DowneyandRichardG.Fecteauisanamazingstorythattoofewknowabouttoday.ShotdownoverCommunistChinaontheirfirstoperationalmissionin1952,theseyoungmenspentthenexttwodecadesimprisoned,ofteninsolitaryconfinement,whiletheirgovernmentofficiallydeniedtheywereCIAofficers.Fecteauwasreleasedin1971,Downeyin1973.TheycamehometoanAmericavastlydifferentfromtheplacetheyhadleft,butbothadjustedsurprisinglywellandcontinuetolivefulllives.被抓捕、关押、到最终释放,两位CIA人员JohnT.Downey和RichardG.Fecteau的经历是一个传奇故事,但今天很少有人知道。1952年第一次执行任务时在中国领空被击落,随后两个年轻人被关押了20年,在他们经常被单独监禁时,他们的政府却公开否认他们是CIA人员。Fecteau在1971年被释放,Downey在1973年被释放。他们回家时,美国已和他们离开时大不一样,但他们都令人惊讶的适应得很好并开始了新的生活。EventhoughDowneyandFecteauwerewelcomedbackasheroesbytheCIAfamilymorethan30yearsagoandtheirstoryhasbeencoveredinopenliterature—albeitinshortandgenerallyflawedaccounts—institutionalmemoryregardingthesebraveofficershasdimmed.[1]Theirordealisnotwellknownamongtoday’sofficers,judgingbythesurpriseandwonderCIAhistoriansencounterwhenrelatingitininternallecturesandtrainingcourses.即使30年前Downey和Fecteau被CIA当作英雄一样迎接回家,并且他们的事迹在公开的文献中出版,虽然这些文献短小且常常充满瑕疵。但关于这两个英勇的CIA官员的正式记录已被日渐淡忘。[1]从CIA历史学家在内部演讲和培训时提及他们的事迹时所遇到的惊讶来看,他们的痛苦经历没有被今天的政府官员们所熟知。ThisstoryisimportantasapartofUSintelligencehistorybecauseitdemonstratestherisksofoperations(andtheconsequencesofoperationalerror),thequalitiesofcharacternecessarytoendurehardship,andthepotentialdamagetoreputationsthroughthepersistenceoffalsestoriesaboutpastevents.Aboveall,thesagaofJohnDowneyandRichardFecteauisaboutremarkablefaithfulness,shownnotonlybythemenwhoweredeprivedoftheirfreedom,butalsobyanAgencythatnevergaveuphope.WhileitwasthroughoperationalmisjudgmentsthatthesetwospentmuchoftheiradulthoodinChineseprisons,theAgency,atleastinpart,redeemeditselfthroughitslatercareforthemenfromwhomyearshadbeenstolen.作为美国情报史的一部分,这个事件非常重要,因为它演示了情报行动的风险(还有行动失败的后果)、忍受艰难环境所需的人格品质、还有对过去事件坚持错误描述对声誉的潜在破坏。最重要的是,他们的传奇故事讲述了不仅是失去自由的人,而且还是从不放弃希望的特工人员所表现出来的非凡的忠诚。在中国的监狱中度过了大部分成年时光后,他们失败的军事行动宣告结束,中情局后来通过对这些曾身陷囹圄的人的照顾,至少挽回了一些颜面.TheOperationalContextJohnDowneyandRichardFecteauwereyouthfulCIAparamilitaryofficers:Downey,borninConnecticut,hadenteredCIAinJune1951,aftergraduatingfromYale;Fecteau,fromMassachusetts,enteredondutyafewmonthslater,havinggraduatedfromBostonUniversity.Bothmenhadbeenvarsityfootballplayers,andbothwereoutgoingandengagingwithnotedsensesofhumor.Theywereontheirfirstoverseasassignmentwhentheshootdownoccurred.行动背景:JohnDowney和RichardFecteau是CIA年轻的军事辅助员,Downey,出生在康涅狄格,耶鲁大学毕业后于1951年6月加入CIA;Fecteau,来自马萨诸塞州,几个月后加入CIA,波士顿大学毕业。他们都是大学代表队的足球运动员,并且都性格友好外向具有幽默感。在被击落时他们都是第一次执行海外任务。Bylate1952,theKoreanWarhadbeengoingonformorethantwoyears.AccountsoftenidentifythatwarasthereasonfortheoperationDowneyandFecteauwereparticipatingin.Whilelargelytrue,theflightthemenwereonwaspartofoperationsthathadantecedentsintheUSresponsetothecommunisttakeoverofChinain1949.InaccordancewithUSpolicies,CIAtookstepstoexploitthepotentialforaChinese“ThirdForce”bytryingtolinkChineseagents,trainedbyCIA,withallegeddissidentgeneralsonthemainland.ThisThirdForce,whileanticommunist,wouldbeseparatefromtheNationalists,whowereassessedtobelargelydiscreditedonthemainland.[2]到1952年底,朝鲜战争已经进行2年多了.许多观点常把Downey和Fecteau参加的这次军事行动的起因归结为这场战争.其实,他们的这次飞行只是自从1949年共产党控制中国后美国就开始的军事反应之一.为了配合美国的政策,CIA试图用他们培训过的中国特工去联络中国大陆上所谓的反对派领袖,以便发掘所谓的中国“第三力量”的潜在势力。这支反共的第三力量,需要和那些在中国大陆已经大部分声名狼籍的民族主义者区分开[2]ThisThirdForceprojectreceivednewemphasisaftertheCommunistChineseintervenedintheKoreanWar.Atthatpoint,theprojectaimedtodivertChineseresourcesfromthewarinKoreabypromotingdomesticantigovernmentguerrillaoperations.ThiswastobeaccomplishedbysmallteamsofChineseagents,generallyinsertedthroughairdrops,whoweretolinkupwithlocalguerrillaforces,collectintelligenceandpossiblyengageinsabotageandpsychologicalwarfare,andreportbackbyradio.[3]TheoperationalmodelwastheOSSexperienceinEuropeduringWorldWarII,whichassumedacooperativecaptivepopulation—asituation,asitturnedout,thatdidnotprevailinChina.在中共插手朝鲜战争后第三力量计划被赋予了新的使命。计划推进中国国内的反政府游击军事行动,以此来分散并削弱中国在朝鲜战场上所需的国内资源。计划通常通过空投的中国情报小组完成,他们和当地游击队建立联系,收集情报,可能的话直接参与破坏活动和从事心理战,并通过无线电进行汇报。此类行动是依照美国战略服务局(中央情报局的前身)在二战欧洲战场上的经验进行的,当时是通过敌方被俘人员的合作来进行的,但同样情形拿到中国,却没有成功。BythetimeofDowneyandFecteau’sinvolvementintheThirdForceprogram,itsrecordwasshortandinauspicious.Becauseofresourceconstraints,thetrainingofChineseagentsatCIAfacil