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定语从句在句子中起定语作用、修饰句中的名词或代词的从句称为；被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词称为；引导定语从句的词叫，关系词分关系代词和关系副词两种。who,whom,whose,which,that,as.when,where,why.关系代词的作用和分类1.关系代词的作用:(1)连接作用:关系代词引导从句,把它和主句连接起来;(2)替代作用:关系代词在从句中代替在它前面的先行词;(3)成分作用:关系代词在从句中总是充当一个句子成分.2.关系代词用法分类:关系代词的用法与分类依据◆根据所引导的从句的限制性和非限制性;◆根据所替代的先行词是指人还是指物;◆根据它在从句中所充当的成分---主语、宾语或定语从句关代格指人指物只用于限制性从句用于限制性和非限制性定语从句既指人又指物主格词宾格词属格词whowhowhomwhichwhosethatwhose/ofwhich只用that的几种情况：1.当先行词是不定代词all,much,little,something,everything,anything,nothing,none,theone时；e.g.Youshouldhandinallthatyouhave.2.当先行词前面有only,any,few,little,no,all,very等词修饰时；thate.g.ThisistheverybookthatI’mlookingfor.3.当先行词是形容词最高级时或它的前面有形容词最高级修饰时；e.g.ThisisthemostinterestingfilmthatI’veeverseen.4.当先行词是序数词或它前面有一个序数词时；e.g.WhatisthefirstAmericanfilmthatyouhaveseen?5.当先行词既有人又有物时；e.g.Doyouknowthethingsandpersonsthattheyaretalkingabout?6.当主句的主语是疑问词who或which时；e.g.Whoistheboythatwonthegoldmedal.7.有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词已用which，另外一个宜用that；e.g.Theysecretlybuiltupasmallfactorywhichproducedthingsthatcouldcausepollution.8.当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词也在从句中作表语时.e.g.Shanghaiisnolongerthecitythatitusedtobe.(thecitythat=what)只用which的情况：1)非限定性定语从句一般用逗号把主、从句分开；e.g.I’velostthepen,whichIlikedverymuch.2)介词后面.e.g.Thisisourschool,infrontofwhichgrowmanytrees.which关系代词that与which的区别1.Ihavesaidall______Iwanttosay.2.Thereislittlework______youcando.3.Thisisthefirstplay______IhaveseensinceIcamehere.4.Thisistheverybook_____Iwanttobuy.5.Theytalkedaboutthemenandthethings______theysaw.6.Whichisthehotel______heoncestayedat?7.Whoisthewoman_____shookhandswithyoujustnow.8.Chinaisn’tthecountry____itwas.9.Thisisthecarin_______wewenttoShanghai.10.Heisoftenlateforschool,______makestheteacherveryangry.thatthatthatthatthatthatthatthatwhichwhichwho宜用who而不用that的情况：1.当先行词是指人的all,any,few,one(s),anyone,everyone,those,people,he等时，只能用who；e.g.Anyonewhoisoversixteenisallowedin.Hewhohasamindtobeathisdogwilleasilyfindhisstick.注意：those,ones等作先行词时，从句谓语动词用复数；而anyone，one等则用单数谓语。2.为避免重复，当句子中带有两个定语从句时，一个句子用that引导，一个从句用who引导；e.g.Themanthatyoutalkedwithjustnowisthepersonwhowillgiveusalecturetoday.3.在Therebe句型中多用who引导定语从句修饰人；e.g.Therewasakingwholovedcatsverymuch.4.当先行词与关系代词之间有较复杂的短语或句子隔开时；e.g.Iwastheonlypersonintheofficewhowasinvited.AnewmasterwillcometomorrowwhowillteachGerman.5.在非限制性定语从句中，先行词指人且在从句中作主语时，只能用who。e.g.Tom’sfather,whoisoversixty,stillworksharddayandnight.ZhangZiyi/actress/playedtheleadingroleinthefilmTheBanquetZhangZiyi_________isafamousChineseactressplayedtheleadingroleinthefilmTheBanquet.who/thatChang’eI/China'sfirstlunarorbiter/launch/October24,2007Chang’eI,_____isChina’sfirstlunarorbiterwaslaunchedonOctober24,2007.whichWhichboyisTom?Theboy________________________isTom.Theboy________________________isTomwhosetrousersareyellowwhoiswearingyellowtrousersTomWhichhouseismine?Thehouse_______________ismine.whoseroofisgreenThehouse____________________ismine.ofwhichtheroofisgreenmyhouse/greenroofThehousetheroofofwhichisgreenismine.pig/badlyhurt/don’tknowthereasonIdon’tknowthereason_____________thepigwasbadlyhurt.Ican’tacceptthereason____________youexplainedtome.why/forwhichwhich/that/---September11,2001/WorldTradeCenter,strike,terrorist/seegreatpainofAmericaSeptember11,2001_______WorldTradeCenterwasstruckbyterrorists,sawgreatpainofAmerica.WorldTradeCenterwasstruckbyterroristsonSeptember11,2001,_______sawgreatpainofAmerica.when/onwhichwhichTaihangMountain/lastsummerholiday/afeastfortheeyesTheTaihangMountain_______________Iwentonatwo-daytriplastsummerholiday,isafeastfortheeyes.TheTaihangMountain_____________Ivisitedlastsummerholiday,isafeastfortheeyes.where/towhichwhich/that/---20,000LeaguesUndertheSea/describethenewunderseaship-submarine/JulesVerne’smasterpieceThesciencefiction,20,000LeaguesUnderTheSea___________JulesVernedescribedanewunderseaship-submarine,washismasterpiece.inwhichtravelwiththemtoHangZhouonNationalDaylastyear/colleaguesThegirls,_________ItraveledtoHangZhouonNationalDaylastyeararemycolleagues.withwhom关系代词as/which引导非限制性定语从句的区别：（1）which引导的非限制定语从句只能位于主句后，但as引导的非限制性定语从句可位于主句的前、中、后；e.g.John,asyouknow,isadoctor.Asisknowntoall,Chinaisadevelopingcountry.（2）当定语从句是否定句或表示否定时只能用which，而as引导的定语从句一般只表示一个众所周知或意料之中的事，且从句不表示否定；e.g.Hemarriedher,whichwasunexpected.Mr.SmithusuallypraiseshisstudentRoseinpublic,whichshedoesn’tlikeatall.（3）as有“正如”之意，而which则意为“这（件事、一点）”，可用andthis/that/it来代替；（4）as多用于固定搭配中：asisoftenthecase(这是常有的事),aswasexpected(不出所料),asoftenhappens(正如经常发生的那样),asisknowntoall(众所周知),ashasbeensaidbefore(如上所述),asismentionedabove(正如上面所提到的)等。e.g.Jackhaswonthefirstprize,asisoftenhappens.1.Heisoneofthestudentswhohavebeenwinnersofscholarshipforthreeyears.2.Heistheonlyoneofthestudentswhohasbeenawinnerofscholarshipforthreeyears.3.Isthisfactorytheonewevisitedlastyear?4.Isthisthefactorywhich/that/-wevisitedlastyear?一.关系代词who–people;whom-people;which–things;that-peopleorthings;whose-ofpeopleorthings1.Theman_________isshakinghandswithmyfatherisapoliceman.2.Theprofessor________________youwishtoseehasgonetoShanghai.3.Iliveinaroom_________windowsfacethesouth.4.Theoldwomanwasveryhappytogetbackthegoldring______________sh