大学英语语法5——同位语

CollegeEnglishGrammar:GrammarandWritingByZhuXiangjunUnit5Modifiers：Appositives•Grammar:Appositives•Writing:Correcting:CluttersRewriting:HowtoorderyourideasAppositivesAnappositiveisanounorapronounthatisplacednexttoanothernounorpronountoidentifyitorgiveadditionalinformationaboutit.•Jackisourneighbor.•Heisawell-knowncaptain.•OurneighborJackisawell-knowncaptain.•Anappositivephraseisanappositiveplusanywordsthatmodifytheappositive.•St.PeterisoneofthemostfamousfortsinEurope.•Itisoftenvisitedbyyoungmeninwinter.•St.Peter,oneofthemostfamousfortsinEurope,isoftenvisitedbyyoungmeninwinter.Wegenerallyusecommastosetoffanyappositiveorappositivephrasethatisnotessentialtothemeaningofthesentence.•SheissavingmoneytotraveltoRome.•RomeisthecapitalofItaly.•SheissavingmoneytotraveltoRome,thecapitalofItaly.•(TheappositivephrasethecapitalofItalyisnotessentialbecauseItalyhasonlyonecapital.)Anessentialappositivegivesnecessaryinformationaboutanounandisnotsetoffwithcommas.•TheScarletLetterisHawthorne’sbook.•Thebookhasbeentakenasoneofthemostcontroversiallovestories.•Hawthorne’sbookTheScarletLetterhasbeentakenasoneofthemostcontroversiallovestories.•(Hawthornewrotemanybooks,soTheScarletLetterisnecessarytomakeclearwhichoneistheoneofthemostcontroversiallovestories.)Apartfromindicatingallmeaningofthenounorpronounitgoesalong,anappositivecanalsodenotepartofitsmeaning.•WeChinesepeoplearebraveandhardworking.•Heisinterestedinsports,especiallyballgames.•Weoftenseedashesbeforesuchexpressionsasnamelyandforinstance,expressionsthatintroduceappositives.•Allofthem—namely,mostofthem—havethecourse.•Somevegetables—forinstance,carrotsandgarlic—canhelpcurecertaindiseases.Whenapronounisfollowedbyanappositive,choosethecaseofthepronounthatwouldbecorrectiftheappositivewereomitted.•Weareyoungmen.•Weshouldtakethetaskofreconstructionofourhomesaftertheearthquake.•Weyoungmenshouldtakethetaskofreconstructionofourhomesaftertheearthquake.•Sheisthebestteacherofthecollege.•Thecollegegaveheranawardforexcellence.•Thecollegegaveher,itsbestteacher,anawardforexcellence.Appositivegiveextrainformationaboutthesubjectbutdon’tchangeitsnumber.Makesureyoudon’tmistakeawordinanappositiveforthesubjectofthesentence.•Thestudentseachhasadictionary.•Thestudentseachhaveadictionary.•E.T.isoneofmyfavoritefilms.•ItisdirectedbyStevenSpielberg.•E.T.,oneofmyfavoritefilms,isdirectedbyStevenSpielberg.Anappositiveprovidesmoreinformationaboutanounlikeanadjectiveclause.Infact,wemaytakeanappositiveasasimplifiedadjectiveclause,thatis,toomittherelativepronounandtheverbbe.•ToniMorrison,whoisthewinnerofNobelPrizeforliteraturein1993,isanAfro-Americanauthoress.•ToniMorrison,thewinnerofNobelPrizeforliteraturein1993,isanAfro-Americanauthoress.•Hehassentathank-youlettertothecompany,whichisafriendlyacquirerinatakeover.•Hehassentathank-youlettertothecompany,afriendlyacquirerinatakeover.•However,notalladjectiveclausescanbereducedtoappositivesinthisway---onlythosethatgiveextrainformationandalsohaveaformoftheverbtobe(is,are,was,were).1.KindsofappositivesAppositivesusuallyappearinfourforms.1)SingleappositiveThemostcommontypeofappositivesissingleappositivewhichisanounoranounphraseusedtoidentifyorrenameanouninasentenceandsometimesmayinsteadrepeatanounforthesakeofclarityandemphasis:Titanicwasagreatship.•TheshipwasinSouthampton.•TheshipsailedonApril10th,1912.•ItsdestinationisNewYork.•Thegreatship,Titanic,sailedforNewYorkfromSouthamptononApril10th,1912.2)MultipleappositivesTwo,three,orevenmoreappositivesmayappearalongsidethesamenountogiveanexplanationorextrainformation:•Myhousewasflooded.•Allofmyschoolworkgotwashedaway.•Myschoolworkincludesphysics,literature,sociology,andcalculus•Allofmyschoolwork—physics,literature,sociology,andcalculus—gotwashedawaywhenmyhousewasflooded.Commasordashesmaybeusedtosetoffanappositive.Dashesareusefultopreventconfusionwhentheappositiveitselfcontainscommas.Also,usingdashesinsteadofcommasservestoemphasizetheappositive.3)Listappositives•Listappositivesoftengobeforeapronounsuchasallorthoseoreveryone.Thepronounhelpstoclarifythesubjectbydrawingtheitemstogetherthoughitisnotessentialtothemeaningofthesentence:theopeninglistcouldservebyitselfasthesubject.•Thehillseemstoimpactonme.•Theriverseemstoimpactonme.•Eventhetreeseemstoimpactonme.•Eventhepieceofrockseemstoimpactonme.•Thehill,theriver,eventhetree,thepieceofrock,allseemtoimpactonme.4)NegativeappositivesMostappositivesidentifywhatsomeoneorsomethingis,buttherearealsonegativeappositivesthatidentifywhatsomeoneorsomethingisnot.Negativeappositivesusuallybeginwithawordsuchasnot,never,orratherthan.•Malestudentsareunlikelytotakenursingclassesatschool.•Femalestudentsaremostlikelytotakenursingclassesatschool.•Femalestudents,notmalestudents,aremostlikelytotakenursingclassesatschool.•Peoplearetherealcreatorsofthehistory.•Heroesarehardlytherealcreatorsofthehistory.•People,ratherthanheroes,aretherealcreatorsofthehistory.2.PositionofappositivesAnappositivemostoftenappearsdirectlyafterthenounorpronounitidentifies,explainsorrenames:•Hetoldmethisbyhimse