大学英语语法6——连接词

CollegeEnglishGrammar:GrammarandWritingByZhuXiangjunUnit6Modifiers：Conjunctions•Grammar:Conjunctions•Writing:Correcting:AntecedentProblemsRewriting:HowtocombineintocompoundsentencesConjunctionsConjunctionsarewordsthatjoinsinglewordsorgroupsofwords.Theycanbesubdividedintocoordinatingconjunctions,correlativeconjunctionsandsubordinatingconjunctions.1.CoordinatingconjunctionsCoordinatingconjunctionsjoinwordsorgroupsofwordsthathaveequalgrammaticalimportanceinasentence.Basically,thereareonlysevencoordinatingconjunctions:and,but,or,so,nor,forandyet.•Newspapersprovidetheirreaderswithalotofimportantfacts.•Newspapersprovidetheirreaderswithalotofimportantstatistics.•Newspapersprovidetheirreaderswithalotofimportantfactsandstatistics.•Hesentthejournalisttwomorefaxes.•Hereceivednoreply.•Hesentthejournalisttwomorefaxes,butreceivednoreply.Becarefulofthewordsthenandnow;neitherisacoordinatingconjunction,sodon’tusethemtojointwoclausesorsentences.•Hesatdownnexttome,thensaidslowly,“Kid,areyouOK?”•Hesatdownnexttomeandthensaidslowly,“Kid,areyouOK?”•Iwaitedforyourpermissionpatiently,nowitfinallycomes.•Iwaitedforyourpermissionpatientlyandnowitfinallycomes.Inaddition,ascoordinatingconjunctionsjointwogroupsofwords,theyareessentiallyplacedinthemiddleofasentence,rarelyasopeners.•Foritisrainy,heiscarryinganumbrella.•Heiscarryinganumbrella,foritisrainy.2.CorrelativeconjunctionsCorrelativeconjunctionsalwaysworkinpairstojoinbalancedwords,phrasesandclauses.both…andeither…orneither…nornotonly…but(also)whether…orif…thennosooner…thanhardly…whenscarcely…whenwouldrather…thanso…as•Thedirectorswantedtowinrecognitionfortheirwork.•Thedirectorswantedtoreceiverecognitionfortheirwork.•Thedirectorswantedbothtowinandtoreceiverecognitionfortheirwork.•Heavyrainwouldwashawaythesoil.•Heavyrainwouldcauseseriousfloodsaswell.•Heavyrainwouldnotonlywashawaythesoilbutalsocauseseriousfloodsaswell.3.SubordinatingconjunctionsSubordinatingconjunctionsjointwoclauses,orthoughts,insuchawayastomakeonegrammaticallydependentontheother.Thetwopartsareofdifferentimportance.Themoreimportantoneisalwaysamainclause.Theotherisasubordinateclause.Belowisalistofthemostfamiliarsubordinateconjunctions:•afteralthoughasasifaslongasasthough•becausebeforeifoncesincethanthough•thatinorderthatprovidedthatso(that)tilluntil•whowhenwherewhilewhetherhow•whateverwheneverwhoever•Mr.Thompsonisgoingtosellthehouse.•Thehouseishaunted.•Mr.Thompsonisgoingtosellthehousebecauseitishaunted.•Hemanagedtoclimbintothemouthofthevolcano.•Hecouldtakephotographs.•Hecouldmeasuretemperatures•Hemanagedtoclimbintothemouthofthevolcanosothathecouldtakephotographsandmeasuretemperatures.•Apainterhadbeenworkingonthetower.•Hehungapotofpaintononeofthehands.•Heslowedtheclockdown.•Apainterwhohadbeenworkingonthetowerhungapotofpaintononeofthehandsandslowedtheclockdown.4.ConjunctiveadverbsConjunctiveadverbsareusedtoclarifytherelationshipbetweenclausesofequalgrammaticalimportanceinasentence.Unlikestandardadverbsthatmodifyonlyasinglewordorphrase,conjunctiveadverbsmodifytheentireclauseandjoinmainclausestogether.Thepossiblemeaningsofconjunctiveadverbsnumbersix.1.Time:afterwards,then,finally,eventually,later2.Addition:also,furthermore,moreover,besides,inaddition3.Cause:asaresult,accordingly,consequently,hence,therefore,thus4.Manner:inshort,likewise,equally,similarly5.Contrast:however,nevertheless,nonetheless,still,onthecontrary,ontheotherhand,instead6.Example:forinstance,forexample,namely,thatis•Afterbreakfast,Isentthechildrentoschool.•ThenIwenttotheshops.•Afterbreakfast,Isentthechildrentoschool;then,Iwenttotheshops.•Peoplesentagreatmanygoodstotheexhibition.•Theycamefromvariouspartsoftheworld.•Inaddition,therewasagreatdealofmachinery.•Theyareondisplay.•Agreatmanygoodsweresenttotheexhibitionfromvariouspartsoftheworld;inaddition,therewasagreatdealofmachineryondisplay.•Mostoftheevidencewasdestroyedinthefire.•Asaresult,itwouldbealmostimpossibletoprovehisguilty.•Mostoftheevidencewasdestroyedinthefire;asaresult,itwouldbealmostimpossibletoprovehisguilty.AntecedentProblems•Apronounisawordusedinplaceofanoun.“he”,“she”,“it”,“we”,“they”and“us”,“who”,“whom”,“that”,“which”areallpronouns.Anantecedentisaword,phrase,orclausetowhichafollowingpronounrefers.Example:•Frankhasalwaysbeenfat,butthingsgotsobadrecentlythathedecidedtogoonadiet.1.MismatchedAntecedentApronounmustagreewithitsantecedentinthreeways:person(first,secondorthird),number(singularorplural)andgender(masculineorfeminine).•Ifapersonismissingforsevenyears,youarepresumeddead.•Ifapersonismissingforsevenyears,heorsheispresumeddead.•Ifanybodycomes,lethimwait.•Ifanybodycomes,lethimorherwait.•(Nogenderagreement:thelanguageappearstofavoronesexovertheother.)2.UnclearantecedentApronoun'santecedentmustbeclear.Ilovetogotothatplacebecausetheyhaveaniceviewofthelake.Ilovetogotothatplacebecauseithasaniceviewofthelake.Idon’tlikePolitics.Theyarealwaysarguingamongthemselves.Idon’tlikePolitics.Politiciansarealwaysarguingamongthemselves.SheoughttospeakChinesewell.Shelivedtherefortwoyears