大学英语语法10——动名词短语

CollegeEnglishGrammar:GrammarandWritingByZhuXiangjunUnit10Phrases:GerundPhrasesandAbsolutePhrases•Grammar:1.GerundPhrases2.AbsolutePhrases•Writing:Correcting:MissingCommaswithNonessentialElementsRewriting:Intra-sentencecoherenceI.GerundPhrasesBothagerundandapresentparticipleendin–ingbuttheyfunctionasdifferentpartsofspeech.Agerundisusedasanoun,whereasapresentparticipleisusedasanadjectiveoranadverb.I.1.Formandfunction•Agerundphraseincludesthegerundandtheobjectofthegerundoranymodifiersrelatedtothegerund.Likeagerund,itisusedasanoun—assubject,predictive,object,objectofapreposition,orappositive.1)asanountobesubject•Youmustknowyourenemy.•Thatisthebestdefense.•Knowingyourenemyisthebestdefense.2)asanountobepredictive•Hefinisheshissupper.•Hetakesashortwalk.•Thatishishabit.•Inthishabit,hekeepshealthy.•Hishabittokeephealthyistakingashortwalkaftersupper.3)asanountobeappositive•Hisdreamisfindinglosttreasure.•Hisdreamalmostcametruerecently.•Hisdream,findinglosttreasure,almostcametruerecently.4)asanountobeobject•Itravelinthecountry.•Ilovethat.•Ilosemyway.•Idon’tlikethat.Ilovetravelinginthecountry,butIdon'tlikelosingmyway.5)asanountobeobjectofapreposition•Theywantedtotraveltoforeigncountry.•Theyhavemadepreparationforit.Theyhavemadepreparationfortravelingtoaforeigncountry.I.2.PositionandpunctuationGerundphrasescaneitherholdthesubjectpositionorthedirectobjectposition.Agerundnearlyneverrequiresanypunctuationwithitexceptitsfunctionasappositive.Whenagerundphraseisusedasanappositive,weuseacommatosetitofffromtheworditmodifies.•Beggarssellthemselvesashumanbeings.•Suchbehaviorarousesthepityofpassers-by.•Beggars’behavior,sellingthemselvesashumanbeings,arousesthepityofpassers-by.•Shemadearequest.•Shewantedtosendforadoctoratonce.•Shemadearequest,sendingforadoctoratonce.Notes:1)Thedifferenceisthatagerundphrasewillalwaysfunctionasanounwhileapresentparticiplephrasefunctionsasanadjectiveoranadverbtomodifiesanotherwordinthesentence.•Eatingquietly,theyseemlyenjoyedwhattheyareserved.•(Aparticipialphraseasanadjectivemodifies“they”)•Eatingquietlycanbedifficultforchildren.•(Agerundphraseasanounfunctionsasasubject.)2)Bothgerundsandinfinitivescanbeusedasthesubjectorthecomplementofasentence.However,gerundssoundmorenaturalandwouldbemorecommonineverydayEnglish.Ifyouarenotsurewhetheryoushouldusegerundorinfinitive,justrememberthat90%ofthetime,youwilluseagerundasthesubjectorcomplementofasentence.•Livingahappylifeiseveryone’sdeepestdesire.•(normalsubject,morenatural)•Toliveahappylifeiseveryone’sdeepestdesire.•(abstractsubject,lesscommon)3)Whentheactionhappenedinthepast,agerundisusuallyused.•Shehashadquickthinking.•Thatsavedusallalotoftrouble.•Herquickthinkingsavedusallalotoftrouble.4)Thefollowingisalistofverbsthatcanhavegerundobjects,butnotinfinitives•admit,anticipate,appreciate,avoid,complete,consider,•defend,delay,deny,detest,discuss,dislike,•enjoy,escape,excuse,finish,•getthrough,giveup,goon,can'thelp,•imagine,involve,keep(on),wouldlike(him),•mention,(not)mind,miss,•postpone,practice,putoff,quit,•recall,recollect,recommend,report,resent,resist,resume,risk,•(can't)see,stop,suggest,takeup,tolerate,understandExercises:Combinethesentencesineachsetintoasingleclearsentencecontainingatleastonegerundphrase.1.InashorttimeIwasbusy.Imixedbutterandflour.InashorttimeIwasbusymixingbutterandflour.2.Ipretended.IhadnotseenhimItwasnouse.ItwasnousepretendingthatIhadnotseenhim.3.Theydon’tcatchfish.Theycatcholdboots.Theycatchrubbish.Insteadofcatchingfish,theycatcholdbootsandrubbish.4.Thewomansimplytooktheparcel.Shewalkedoutoftheshop.Shedidn’tpay.Thewomansimplytooktheparcelandwalkedoutoftheshopwithoutpaying.5.Hewantedtofollowmearoundallmorning.Ihadtothinkofaway.BythewayIcanpreventhimfromthat.Ihadtothinkofawayofpreventinghimfromfollowingmearoundallmorning.6.Itriedtowakeupmywife.Irangthedoorbell.Shewasfastasleep.Itriedtowakeupmywifebyringingthedoorbell,butshewasfastasleep.II.AbsolutePhrasesII.1.FormAnabsolutephraseconsistsofanounorapronounasasubjectthatismodifiedbyaparticipleorparticipialphrase.Itlookslikeacompletesentencebutactsasanadverbial.Itcontainsasubject,butnotapredicateverb.Althoughitstatesacompletethought,itcannotstandbyitselfasitspredicateverbisreplacedbyaparticipleorparticipialphrases.•Noun+participlephrase=anabsolutephraseasentenceanabsolutephrase•Wearewaitinginline.•Thestudentsheldameeting.•Therulerwasbroken.•Thetrainwascrowded.•Theclimateismild.•Thesoilisrichinnutrients.•wewaitinginline•thestudentsholdingameeting•therulerbroken•thetraincrowded•theclimate(being)mild•thesoil(being)richinnutrients•Thepoormanlaythere.•Hishandsweretrembling.•Thepoormanlaythere,hishandstrembling.•Thejobhasnotfinished.•Wecouldn’tseethefilm.•Thejobnotfinished,wecouldn’tseethefilm.•Nobodywasathome.•Thethieftookalotofthingsaway.•Nobody(being)athome,thethieftookalotofthingsaway.II.2.Function•Anabsolutephrasefunctionsasanadverb,indicatingmanner,time,place,cause,condition,ordegree.Itmodifiesthewholesentenceratherthanaparticularword.Allabsolutephrasescanbeturnedintocorrespon