大学英语语法15——句子

CollegeEnglishGrammar:GrammarandWritingByZhuXiangjunUnit15Sentences•Grammar:Sentences•Writing:Correcting:Choppy/StringySentencesRewriting:VarietyinsentencestructureSentencesAsentenceismadeupofaclause.Aclauseisagroupofwordsthatcontainsasubjectandapredicate.Clausescanbeputintotwokinds:independent/mainclausesanddependent/subordinateclauses.Anindependent/mainclauseconsistsofasubjectandapredicateandcanstandaloneasasentence.•thepresidenttookaseat•sheplaysanimportantroleinthegameAdependent/subordinateclausestartswithasubordinatewordssuchasthat,which,what,when,where,why,how,because,though,whether,if,etc.Itcannotstandaloneasasentencethoughitconsistsofbothasubjectandapredicate.•whenthepresidenttookaseat•becausesheplaysanimportantroleinthegame1.SimplesentencesThemostbasictypeofsentenceisasimplesentence.Itcanbeasshortasoneword(whenthesubject“you”isunderstood):•Run!Usually,asimplesentencecontainsoneindependent/mainclause.Tobecomplete,itmusthaveatleastonesubjectandonepredicate.Boththesubjectandthepredicatemayhavemodifierssuchasadjectives,adverbs,prepositionalphrases,participialphrases,etc.Allofthefollowingaresimplesentences,becauseeachcontainsonlyoneclause:•Run!•Thepolicemanruns.•Thepolicemanrunsfast.•Thepolicemanondutyrunsfasttowardsthecar.•Receivinganemergentcallfromhismen,thepolicemanondutyrunsfasttowardsthewaitingcar.Asimplesentencemayalsohavetwoormoresubjectsand/orpredicates.•Thepresidentandhismentookseats.•Thepresidentandhismentookseatsanddiscussedtheproblem.Notice:1)Simplesentencescanbeveryeffectivefordrawingareader'sattention,butyouhavetousethemwithcare:toomanysimplesentencescanmakeyourwritingseemchoppyandchildish.2)Inasimplesentence,nocommasseparatecompoundelements.2.CompoundsentencesAsentencethathasatleasttwoormoremain/independentclausesiscalledacompoundsentence.Allofthemainclausesofacompoundsentencehavetheirownsubject(s)andtheirownpredicate(s)andthesemainclausesareofequalimportanceingrammar.Usually,acompoundsentenceisjoinedby1)acoordinatingconjunction(for,and,nor,but,or,yet,so),2)aconjunctiveadverb(e.g.however,therefore,thus,etc.),3)asemicolonalone.•Mybrotherhasneverbeenabroadbefore.•Heisfindingthistripveryexciting.Mybrotherhasneverbeenabroadbefore,soheisfindingthistripveryexciting.•Thelightswerehighuponthecliffs.•Sheknewshewasneartheshore.Thelightswerehighuponthecliffs;thus,sheknewshewasneartheshore.•Theplanewaslate.•Detectiveswerewaitingattheairportallmorning.Theplanewaslate;detectiveswerewaitingattheairportallmorning.3.ComplexsentencesAsentencethathasonemain/independentclause(MC)andoneormoresubordinateclauses(SC)iscalledacomplexsentence.Asubordinateclauseisheadedbyasubordinateconjunction(after,before,when,if,though,etc.)orarelativepronoun(that,which,who,whom,andwhose),functioninginthesentenceasanoun,anadjectiveoranadverb.Therearefourpunctuationpatterns:1)SC+,+MC.2)MC+SC.3)Main+,+nonessentialSC+,+clause.4)Main+essentialSC+clause.•Weareallveryexcited.•WearelookingforwardtotheOlympicGames.•WehaveneverbeenheldOlympicGamesbeforeinourcountry.WeareallveryexcitedandarelookingforwardtotheOlympicGamesbecausetheyhaveneverbeenheldbeforeinourcountry.•Thefishhasbeensenttoamuseum.•Inthemuseum,ascientistisexaminingit.•Thefishiscalledanoarfish.Thefish,whichhasbeensenttoamuseumwhereitisbeingexaminedbyascientist,iscalledanoarfish.4.Compound-complexsentencesAsentencethathastwoormoremainclauses(MC)andatleastonesubordinateclause(SC)iscalledacompound-complexsentence.Itismerelyacombinationofacompoundsentenceandacomplexsentence.Thepunctuationofcompound-complexsentencesfollowstherulesgivenbelowforcompoundandcomplexsentences.Generally,twomainclausesmaybejoinedby1)Coordinatingconjunctions:MC+,+and+MC.2)Conjunctiveadverbs:MC+;+therefore+,+MC.Asubordinateclausemaybeintroducedby1)Subordinateconjunctions(foradverbclause)SC+,+MC.orMC+SC.2)Relativepronouns(foradjectiveclause)Main+essentialSC+Clause.orM+,+non-essentialSC+,C.3)Relativepronounoradverbs(fornounclauses)Usually,nopunctuationsisneededfornounclauses.•Helookedathiswatch.•Hesawthatitwasoneo'clock.•Thebellstruckthirteentimes.•Thenitstopped.Lookingathiswatch,hesawthatitwasoneo'clock,butthebellstruckthirteentimesbeforeitstopped.•Thecatlookedverywell.•Itwasratherthirsty.•Itdrankhalfabottleofmilk.Thecatlookedverywellalthoughitwasratherthirsty,foritdrankhalfabottleofmilk.Combinethesimplesentencesineachsetintoacompoundsentences,acomplexsentenceoracompound-complexsentence.1.Danielheardthenews.Hewasmostsurprised.Danielwasmostsurprisedwhenheheardthenews.2.Thegodhastheheadofacow.Itwasusuallyplacedinsideamummy.Thisgodwhichhastheheadofacowwasusuallyplacedinsideamummy.3.Aweekbefore,hehadcompletedanoverlandflight.Flightwassuccessful.Duringtheflighthecoveredtwenty-sixmiles.Aweekbefore,hehadcompletedasuccessfuloverlandflightduringwhichhecoveredtwenty-sixmiles.4.RobertandIwentintothelivingroom.Therewetalked.Ourtalklastedforacoupleofhours.RobertandIwentintothelivingroomwherewetalkedforacoupleofhours.5.Hereturnshomeatnight.Healwaysfindsthis.Someonehasparkedacar.ThecarisoutsidehisgateWhenhere