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CollegeEnglishGrammar:GrammarandWritingByZhuXiangjunUnit12Clause:Adverbialclauses•Grammar:Adverbialclauses•Writing:Correcting:ArticleMisuseRewriting:Periodic/LoosesentencesAdverbialClauses1.FunctionsAnadverbialclauseisasubordinateclausethatfunctionsasanadverbtomodifyaverb,anadjective,oranadverb.Ittellswhen,where,how,why,towhatextent,orunderwhatcondition.1.1.Tomodifyaverb•Shepassedthedrivingtest.•Sheobtainedherdrivinglicense.Aftershehadpassedthedrivingtest,sheobtainedherdrivinglicense.[tellingwhen]1.2.Tomodifyanadjective•Thelibraryisagoodplace.•Therewestudywell.•Itisquiet.Thelibraryisagoodplacetostudybecauseitisquiet.[tellingwhy]1.3.Tomodifyanadverb•Hewasoftendisappointed.•Hebecamehopeless.Hewasdisappointedsooftenthathebecamehopeless.[tellingtowhatextent]2.FormsandkindsAnadverbialclausealwaysbeginswithsubordinatingconjunction(suchasif,when,because,than,although)andincludesasubject(S.)andapredicate(P.).Anadverbialclause=subordinatingconjunction+S.+P.Subordinatingconjunctionsthatintroduceadverbialclausesmayindicatearelationshipoftime,place,manner,reason,conditionordegree.Theycannotbeomitted.Theycannotbesubjects.Herearekindsofadverbialclausesandsomeoftheirsubordinatingconjunctions.Place:where,whereverTime:after,before,since,until,when,whenever,while,etc.Manner:as,asif,etc.Reason:as,because,for,inorderthat,since,sothat,that,etc.Degree:as,than,etc.Condition:incase,if,evenif,provided,unless,etc.Concession:although,though,as,whereas,while,etc.•Shegoestoanyplace.•Therearealwayscrowdsofpeople.•Theyarewaitingtoseeher.Wherevershegoes,therearealwayscrowdsofpeoplewaitingtoseeher.•Herangoff.•Ihadnotimetoexplain.HerangoffbeforeIcouldexplain.•Hewasexhausted.•Hehadbeenseeminglyworkingforhours.Hewasexhaustedasifhehadbeenworkingforhours.3.PunctuationWhenanadverbialclausebeginsthesentence,acommaisusedtoseparateitfromthemainclause.•Shehesitatedforamoment.•Shefinallywentin.•Sheaskedtoseeadress.•Thedresswasinthewindow.Thoughshehesitatedforamoment,shefinallywentinandaskedtoseeadressthatwasinthewindow.Whentheadverbialclausefinishesthesentencethereisnoneedforacomma.•Hewaitedandwaited.•Thevolcanobecamequiet.Hewaitedandwaiteduntilthevolcanobecamequiet.•Youcanheartheclock.•Youcandosoontheradio•Microphonesareconnectedtotheclocktower.Youcanheartheclockontheradiobecausemicrophonesareconnectedtotheclocktower.4.PositionLikeanordinaryadverb,thelocationofanadverbialclauseinasentenceisveryflexible.Youcanplaceanadverbialclauseatthebeginning,attheend,orinthemiddleofasentence.Iftherearetwoadverbialclausesinasentence,weusuallyplaceoneinfrontofthemainclauseandonebehindit,asshownbelow.•Ifthecarhadbeenlarger,wewouldhaveboughtitbecausewehadabigfamily.Whentheactiondescribedintheadverbialclausehappensbeforetheactioninthemainclause,itismorenaturalandmorelogicaltoplacetheadverbialclausebeforethemainclauseandviceverse.So,ofthethreesentencesabove,thefirstonesoundsbetterthanthethird.Seeanotherexample.•Untiltherainstopped,theywaitedandwaited.[lessnatural]•Theywaitedandwaiteduntiltherainstopped.[morenatural]Whenanadverbialclauseisinsertedinthemiddleofasentence,itisusuallyputbetweenthesubjectandverb,indicatingthatthewritergetsasuddenideaorfeelsnecessarytomentionortoillustrate.•Mysister,whileIwastakingashower,calledfromCalifornia.•Theoldlady,aftershehadhadadinner,setouttocallonherseconddaughter.Note1.ReducingAdverbialClausesAdverbialclauses(particularlytimeclauseswithafter,before,while,whenandsoon)canbeshortenedtophrasesonlywhenthesubjectoftheadverbialclauseisthesameasthesubjectofthemainclauseanditsverbis“be”.Thestepsarea)Checkthatthesubjectofboth(mainandsubordinate)clausesisthesameperson.b)Omitthesubjectofthefirstclause.c)Omittheverb“be”.d)Replacethepronounwiththeoriginalnounsothatinformationisnotlost.•Ifadropofoilisplacedinaglassofwater,itwouldfloattotop.Ifplacedinaglassofwater,adropofoilwouldfloattotop.•AfterhewasdefeatedbyJackson,hewasquicklyforgotten.AfterdefeatedbyJackson,hewasquicklyforgotten.•Jackrosetofameswiftlyafteraboxingmatchwhenhewasonlysixteenyearsold.Jackrosetofameswiftlyafteraboxingmatchwhenonlysixteenyearsold.•ThoughVerrazanoisbynomeansconsideredtobeagreatexplorer,hewillprobablyneverbeforgotten.Thoughbynomeansconsideredtobeagreatexplorer,hewillprobablyneverbeforgotten.Ifthereisnobeverb,changetheverbinthesubordinatingclausetoits-ingform.Sometimesthesubordinateconjunctionscanbedeletedaswell.•Whenhereturnshomeatnight,healwaysfindsthatsomeonehasparkedacaroutsidehisgate.Whenreturninghomeatnight,healwaysfindsthatsomeonehasparkedacaroutsidehisgate.Returninghomeatnight,healwaysfindsthatsomeonehasparkedacaroutsidehisgate.2)Specialsubordinatorsindicatingtime:theminute,themoment,thesecond,theinstant,theday，everytime,immediately,directly,nosooner…than,hardly…when,scarcely…when.•ThemomentIspokeIregrettedmywords.•Iprogrammedmycomputertoscanforviruseseverytimeitturnson.•Itoldhimimmediatelyhecame.•NosoonerhadIarrivedhomethenitbegantorain.3)Specialsubordinatorsindicatingplace：where,anywhere,everywhere•Generally,airwillbeheavilypollutedwheretherear