美国文学课件Walt-Whitman

WaltWhitman1819-1892ContentsLifeMajorWorksAppreciationofWorksWritingStyleInfluenceLifeAmericanpoet,essayist,andhumanist.ApartofthetransitionbetweenTranscendentalismandRealism.Thefatherofthefreeverse.LifeBornin1819onLongIsland,NewYork.Poorandsemiliterate(半文盲的)parents,only5yearsformaleducation,largelyself–educated.Workedasofficeboy,printingworker,schoolmaster,editorandjournalist.BirthplaceofWhitmanMajorWorks铭言集亚当的子孙菖蒲集候鸟集海流集路边之歌桴鼓集林肯总统纪念集秋之溪水神圣之死的低语从正午到星夜离别之歌古稀之砂再见，我的幻想老年的回声↗→↘MajorWorksLeavesofGrass草叶集SongofMyself自我之歌ISitandLookOut坐观世间OCaptain,MyCaptain!船长，我的船长WhenLilacsLastintheDooryardBloom当紫丁香最近在天井里开花的时光IhearAmericaSinging我听见美国在歌唱LeavesofGrassFirstpublishedin1855withonly12poemsNineeditionsaltogether:1855,1856,1860,1867,1871,1876,1881,1889,1891-92Lasteditionincludesmorethan400poemsGrass---themostcommonthingwiththegreatestvitality,asasymboloftherisingAmericanMajorthemesExtol(赞颂)transcendentpoweroflove,brotherhood,andcomradeship(同志之谊)Expresstheidealsofdemocracyandequality.hispoemsrevelaworldofequalitywithoutrankandhierarchy(等级制度),attacktheslaveryandracialdiscrimination.Advocatetherealizationoftheindividualvalue.hecelebratesthedignityandtheself-reliantspirit.SongofMyselfIcelebratemyself,andsingmyself.赞美我自己，歌唱我自己。AndwhatIassumeyoushallassume.我承担的你也将承担。Foreveryatombelongingtomeasgoodbelongstoyou.因为属于我的原子同样也属于你。“I”and“you”standforakindofpeopleorakindofthoughtEmbodytheunityofyouandme.Itemphasizesthecloseconnectionof“I”and”you”.SongofMyselfIloafandinvitemysoul。我邀请灵魂一道逍遥Ileanandloafatmyeaseobservingaspearofsomegrass.我逍遥自在的俯身下视，观察一片夏天的青草Emphasizetheunityofbodyandsoulalliteration“grass”standsforideal,hope.Itcangrowatdifferentspace,finallyitstandsfordevelopmentespeciallythedevelopmentofhumanSongofMyselfMytongue,everyatomofmyblood,form’dfromthissoil,thisair.我的舌头，我血液的每个原子，都来自这些泥土，这些空气。Bornhereofparentsbornfromparentsthesame,andtheirparentsthesame.我在这里为父母所生，我的父母也在这里为父母所生，他们的父母也是如此。I,nowthirty-sevenyearsoldinperfecthealthbegin，hopingtoeasenottilldeath.我现在37岁，身体健壮，开始起步了，但愿永不停步，一直到死。Themeaningof“I”诗中的“我”如果从字面上理解，就会认为这说明惠特曼是一个夜郎自大的人。这样理解不但不是作者愿意，在上下文也讲不通。实际上，惠特曼所用的“我”在大多数情况下指“人类的象征，既是现代人的也是全人类的象征；更多的是生命力的拟人化。”这一点在第二十四节中更为明显：WaltWhitman,acosmos,ofManhattantheson,沃尔特·惠特曼，一个宇宙，曼哈顿之子Turbulent,fleshy,sensual,eating,drinkingandbreeding,粗暴、肥壮、多欲，吃着、喝着、生殖着，Nosentimentalist,nostanderabovemenandwomenorapartfromthem,不是伤感主义者不凌驾于男人和女人之上，也不脱离他们，Nomoremodestthanimmodest.也谦逊也不谦逊Themeaningof“I”这里既然写着诗人的姓名，似乎指的是他本人无疑了，但也并不尽然。其中有些确实是作者的特征，如“曼哈顿之子”、“不凌驾于男人和女人之上”等；但“生殖者”可能是代替其他事物所言。因为第一行写着他象征着“一个宇宙”，上述问题也就不难理解了。”OCaptain!MyCaptain!OCaptain!myCaptain!ourfearfultripisdone,Theshiphasweatheredeveryrack,theprizewesoughtiswon,Theportisnear,thebellsIhear,thepeopleallexulting,Whilefolloweyesthesteadykeel,thevesselgrimanddaring;ButOheart!heart!heart!Othebleedingdropsofred,WhereonthedeckmyCaptainlies,Fallencoldanddead.OCaptain!myCaptain!riseupandhearthebells;Riseup--foryoutheflagisflung--foryouthebugletrills,Foryoubouquetsandribbonedwreaths--foryoutheshoresaccrodingForyoutheycall,theswayingmass,theireagerfacesturning;HereCaptain!dearfather!Thisarmbeneathyourhead!ItissomedreamthatonthedeckYou'vefallencoldanddead.MyCaptaindoesnotanswer,hislipsarepaleandstill,Myfatherdoesnotfeelmyarm,hehasnopulsenorwill,Theshipisanchoredsafeandsound,itsvoyageclosedanddone,Fromfearfultripthevictorshipcomesinwithobjectwon;ExultOshores,andringObells!ButI,withmournfultread,WalkthedeckmyCaptainlies,Fallencoldanddead.啊，船长！我的船长！啊，船长！我的船长！我们完成了可怕的远航，巨轮历尽风雨，我们赢得追寻的奖赏；港口已近，钟声传来，一片欢呼的声浪；稳健的大船，追随的目光，多么威武雄壮；可是，心啊！心啊！心啊！心中的鲜血在滴滴流淌，甲板上躺着我们的船长，他已辞世，全身冰凉。啊，船长！我的船长！起来听那钟声荡漾；起来，旌旗为你招展，号角为你激昂，花团锦簇，彩带飘飞，为你，岸边人群熙熙嚷攘；人们把你呼唤，万头攒动，他们晃动急切的面庞啊，船长！我的船长！在这里，船长，慈爱的父亲！你的头下枕着我的臂膀！那是甲板上的梦境，你已辞世，全身冰凉。我的船长没有回答，双唇苍白，沉默、安详，我的父亲无法觉察我的手臂，他的脉搏停止了跳荡；可怕的征途已过，胜利归来，大船安全停靠，就此结束远航；啊，海岸欢呼，啊，钟声敲响！然而，我的步履沉重悲伤，在甲板上踱步，那里躺着我的船长，他已辞世，全身冰凉。ThemesThispoemeulogizes(颂扬)Lincoln’smonumentalcontributionsandexpressthepoet’smourningforLincoln’sdeathwiththebackgroundofvictoryoftheCivilWar.SpecialFeaturesThepoemiscomposedofthreeoctaves(八度音节),thatis,fourlonelinesandfourshortlines,thelatterbeingusedasarefrain.Themeterisiambicandtherhymingschemeisroughlyrepresentedasaabbcded.Phoneticrecurrence（重复）isthemainfeatureofthepoem,i.e.thesystematicrepetitionofwordsandphrasesatthebeginningoftheline,inthemiddleorattheend.OralEnglishisalsoappliedinhisfreeversetomakeitaneffectivewaytooexpressfreelythefeelingsofcommonpeople.TheThemesinhispoetryEqualityDivinityMultiplicitySelf–reliantspiritDeath,beautyofdeathExpansionofAmericaBrotherhoodandsocialsolidarityPursuitofloveandhappinessWhitman’WritingStyleOneofthemajorprinciplesofhistechniqueisparallelismorarhythmofthought.Anothermainprincipleisphoneticrecurrence.Thesetwoprinciplescoordinatewithandreinforce(加强)eachother.InfluenceSpecialmentionshouldbemadeofEmerson’sinfluenceoverWhitman.HewasgropingbothinthemeandformwhenhechanceduponEmerson’sworks.Emerson’ssupportcamejustatthemomentwhenitwasmostneeded.HisinfluenceovermodernpoetryisgreatintheworldaswellasinAmerica