高考阅读理解中对长难句的理解

1高考阅读理解中对长难句的理解高考英语阅读理解题所选短文均选自英语原版文章，原汁原昧”，考生普遍感觉较难理解。那么，这些阅读材料到底难在哪儿呢？除了生词量大、篇幅长、信息量大以外．就是短文中的句子结构较为复杂，搀杂了大量的长、难句。句法掌握不好的考生很难理清头绪，影响其对短文内容的理解。1Whereasawoman'sclosestfemalefriendmightbethefirsttotellhertoleaveafailingmarriage，itwasn’tunusualtohearamansayhedidn’tknowhisfriend’smarriagewasinseroustroubleuntilheappearedonenightaskingifhecouldsleeponthesofa．一、抓住结构引导词分析其长难句结构和功能任何一个复杂长句都不外乎由一个或多个并列结构和复合句构成。并列结构一般有连词and，but，or等连接；复合句按其在句中的作用可分为名词性从句、形容词性从句(定语从句)和副词性从句(状语从句)三大类。任何一个复合句都有一个至几个反应逻辑、意义及结构关系的引导词，找出这些引导词就能分析出复合句的完整句子结构，清理出完整意义。平时要注意积累表示各种逻辑关系的连词和短语。表示目的：sothat，forthepurposethat，inorderthat等；表示结果：so…that…，such…that…，asaresult，therefore，thus等；表示条件：if，onconditionthat，unless等；表示原因：because，since，as等。【例l】Anothergoodthingabouttheuseofnoise-killingsystemsisthatitsavestheneedforasilencer,whichnotonlyreducestheweightofacar,butalsomakesthemotorburnlessoilandworkbetter．【例2】Weevenhavedifferentwordsforsomefoods,meatinparticular,dependingonwhetheritisstilloutinthefieldsorathomereadytobecooked,whichshowsthefactthattheSaxonpeasantsweredoingthefarming，whileheupper-classNormansweredoingmostoftheeating．【例3】ASwedishKennelClubofficialexplainswhatthismeans:ifyourdogrunsoutontheroadandgetshitbyapassingcar，astheowner，youhavetopayforanydamagedonetothecar，evenifyourdoghasbeenkilledintheaccident．【例4】First,Ihavetofindtheredonesamongtheleaves,whichmeansIalmosthavetostandonmyhead，andoncefoundIhavetoreachdownandunder,pickthetomatoesandwithdraw(缩回)myfullfistwithoutdroppingtheprizeSOdearlywon．【例5】ItisdifficulttomeasurethequantityofpaperusedasaresultofuseofInternet-connectedcomputers，althoughjustaboutanyonewhoworksinanofficecantellyouthatwhenane-mailisintroduced，theprintersstartworkingovertime.Thatis,thegrowingdemandforpaperinrecentyearsislargelyduetotheincreaseduseoftheInternet．【例6】Perhapstheywillspendtheirdaysgollockingtomakenewspundlesorstrugglingwiththeirballalatorsthroughthecircle,Thesewords,whichIhavejustmadeup,havetostandfortingsandideasthatwesimplycan'tthinkof．二、抓主干、剔从句一个句子的支架就是句中的谓语动词。根据英语中五种基本句型结构，把句子中的主语、宾语、表语等主要成分找出来，其他成分如定语、状语、补语等则一目了然易于理解。一些长句其实就是一个由主句和若干个状语从句组成的一个多层次主从复合句，一定要搞清主句和状语从句之间的逻辑关系，只要把逻辑关系搞清楚了，则长难句就好对付了。如果把各个从句剔出来单独理解，再把大意拼凑起来，构成整个2长句的意思，就可降低长句的理解难度。如：【例1】Onetiny9inch-plantboughtfor$1.25inthespring,hasalreadytakenovermuchofmyrosebed,coveringmuchofotherplants,andiswellonitswaytothefrontdoor.【例2】Lewisfoundthatinfamilieswiththreeorfourchildren,dinnerconversationislikelytocenterontheoldestchild,whohasthemosttotalkabout,andtheyoungest,whoneedsthemostattention．【例3】Pasteurdiscoveredthatheatingthewinegentlyforafewminutesafterithadfermentedwouldkillofftheyeastthatwasleftinthewine,withtheresultthatthewinewouldremainfreshformuchlonger..【例4】WhatWinterknowsofthe19-year-oldboywhosavedhislifeisonlythathediedinacaraccidentandthathisfamilywaswillingtohonorhiswishesanddonatehisorgansfortransplantation．【例5】FirstputforwardbytheFrenchmathematicianPierredeFermatintheseventeenthcentury,thetheoremhadbaffledandbeatenthefinestmathematicalminds,includingaFrenchwomanscientistswhomadeamajoradvanceinworkingouttheproblem,andwhohadtodresslikeamaninordertobeabletstudyattheEcolepolytechnique.三、抓关键词关键词即为含有句子主要意思的关键信息，抓住关键词读者可以快速抓住该句大意和理解线索。【例1】TalesfromAnimalHospitalwilldelightallfansoftheprogramandanyonewhohasalivelyinterestintheirpet，whetheritbecat,dogorsnake!【例2】Aftertheirstay,allvisitorsreceiveasurvivalcertificaterecordingtheirsuccess,thatis,whenguestsleavetheigloohoteltheywillreceiveapaperstatingthattheyhavehadatasteofadventure．【例3】Themajormarketforcerestsinthegrowingpopulationofwhite-collaremployees(白领雇员),whocanaffordthenewservice,inotherwords,Shanghai’scarrentalindustryisgrowingsofastmainlyduetotheincreasingnumberofwhite—collaremployees．四、恢复原来面貌，理解创新句型难句的另一种形式是各种创新句型，主要形式有省略、插入语、前置、倒装、强调、被动、双重否定等结构。我们可以利用还原法和消原法，还复杂句型以本来面目，以求顺利理解。【例1】Excusedfromrecycling(回收利用)becauseyouliveinahighrisewitharubbishchute(垃圾道)【例2】“Mostwomen,”saysRubin,“identified(认定)atleastone,usuallymore,trustedfriendstowhomtheycouldturninatroubledmoment,andtheyspokeopenlyabouttheimportanceoftheserelationshipsintheirlives．【例3】BettyandHaroldhavebeenmarriedforyears.ButonethingstillpuzzlesoldHarold.Howisit,hewonders,thathecanleaveBettyandherfriendJoansittingonthesofa,talking,goouttoaballgame，comebackthreeandahalfhourslater,andthey’restillsittingonthesofa,talking?【例4】Whatintheworld,Haroldwonders,dotheyhavetotalkabout?Bettyshrugs.Talk?We’refriends.3练一练PartA1.Jennerdiscoveredthatpeoplewhoworkedwithcattleoftensufferedfromaharmlessdiseasewhichtheycaughtfromthecattle,butthesepeopleneverseemedtogetsmallpox.(上海1997B篇)2.MyparentswantedtoknowifIwassure,ifIknewwhatitmeantandwhetherIrealizedthatifIgaveupmyjobtraining，itwouldbeverydifficulttogetagoodjob．(上海1997A篇)3.VictorProzorov’sdisappointmentwassharedbyseveralgrandmasterswhowerepresent，someofwhomweresoupsetthattheyshoutedatthecomputer---abetterchessplayer．(NMETl991C篇)4.Decisionisnotunlikepoker–itoftenmatternotonlywhatyouthink,butalsowhatothersthinkyouthinkandwhatyouthinktheythinkyouthink.(NMET2000C篇)5.Withtheirshiningbrowneyes,waggingtai