GRE强化班阅读讲义

GRE阅读备考马扬（@马扬_MrClutch)教授课程：阅读部分TOEFLGREIELTSGMATSATGRE概况和误区老Gvs.新G1.能力vs.技巧2.VerbalSectionVerbalReasoningGRErevised=老GRE+逻辑3.SectionadaptivetestVerbal30min20questionQuantitative35min20question新GRE考试阅读部分的改革按照ETS官方的说法：“（新GRE考试将会）减少对于单词意涵的孤立考察（如取消类比反义题型），更加突出基于语境的理解能力的考察（如增加阅读理解题目）。”来更加深入并真实地反映考生的高级认知能力。阅读文章从老G的4篇增加到新G的10篇（2-3篇长文章，7-8篇短文章）具体说来，这些能力包括：分析一段论述文字并推导结论；根据不完全的数据做推导；识别作者的前提/假设条件和视角；理解语言文字的多层次含义，包括字面含义，修辞含义和作者目的等。挑选重要观点，区别主要论述和次要/相关论述；总结全文；理解文章结构。理解词、句和段落篇章的意涵；理解不同词和概念间的关系等。新GRE考试阅读部分的三种题型1.单项选择题（5选1）2.多项选择题（新题型，3选N）3.段中点选题（新题型，在段落中点选符合题设问题的答案句）按问题分类：（1）themainideaorprimarypurposeofthepassage;——主旨题（2）informationexplicitlystatedinthepassage;——细节题（3）informationorideasimpliedorsuggestedbytheauthor;——推断题（4）possibleapplicationsoftheauthor’sideastoothersituations,includingtheidentificationofsituationsorprocessesanalogoustothosedescribedinthepassage;——类比应用题（5）theauthor’slogic,reasoning,orpersuasivetechniques;——结构题（6）thetoneofthepassageortheauthor’sattitudeasitisrevealedinthelanguageused.——语气态度题三大原则读文章的原则与TOEFL的比较（TPO）背景原则：白痴型思维顺序原则：先文后题，先套路后细节目的原则：很多的学生最大的问题是不能有的放矢详略得当的去阅读文章，导致没有效率阅读时关注(1)主题句，TopicSentence俗称TS(2)关键词，KeyWords俗称KW(3)结构框架，StructuralElements俗称SE(4)作者所持有的态度或者评价Attitude，一般存在着大正(+)，大负(-)和混合评价大正小负，小正大负阅读时关注文章的类型思考：GRE考试什么考试？美国的研究生考试所以均为大量学术性文章大概可以区分为立论（presentation）评论（Argumentation）阅读的类型类型一：论点说明型首段提出观点，后段深入探讨结尾也许让步TS：一般就在首段中标志：开头出现一个表观点的判断句如…suggest/assert/arguethat…OGP.65(4、5)阅读的类型类型二：新老观点对比型首段阐述陈旧的观点，后段推翻叙述出新观点，TS一般就在新观点中。标志：过去的时间词或者动词的完成时，initially,ithaslongbeenestimatedthat…,ithasbeenfrequentlyassumedthat…普遍大众观点：often,usually,traditionally,typically,somehistorians,thecommonbelief,manypeoplebelievethat…否定肯定式：Kennedy：Asknotwhatyourcountrycandoforyou,butaskwhatyoucandoforthecountry;Socrates,Plato,AristotleAristotle:IlovenotPlatoless,buttruthmore.Iloveyounotbecausewhoyouare,butbecausewhoIamwhenIamwithyou.Thisis陈少清，heisnotaperson,heis陈少清。Thelongestdistanceintheworldisnotthatbetweenlifeanddeath，butthatIstandinfrontofyou，yetyoudon'tevenknowthatIloveyou.SomeobservershaveattributedthedramaticgrowthintemporaryemploymentthatoccurredintheUnitedStatesduringthe1980'stoincreasedparticipationintheworkforcebycertaingroups,suchasfirsttimeorreenteringworkers,whosupposedlyprefersucharrangements.However,statisticalanalysesrevealthatdemographicchangesintheworkforcedidnotcorrelatewithvariationsinthetotalnumberoftemporaryworkers.Instead,theseanalysessuggestthatfactorsaffectingemployersaccountfortheriseintemporaryemployment.Onefactorisproductdemand;temporaryemploymentisfavoredbyemployerswhoareadaptingtofluctuatingdemandforproductswhileatthesametimeseekingtoreduceoveralllaborcosts.Anotherfactorislabor'sreducedbargainingstrength,whichallowsemployersmorecontroloverthetermsofemployment.Giventheanalyses,whichrevealthatgrowthintemporaryemploymentnowfarexceedsthelevelexplainablebyrecentworkforceentryratesofgroupssaidtoprefertemporaryjobs,firmsshouldbediscouragedfromcreatingexcessivenumbersoftemporarypositions.Governmentpolicymakersshouldconsidermandatingbenefitcoveragefortemporaryemployees,promotingpayequitybetweentemporaryandpermanentworkers,assistinglaborunionsinorganizingtemporaryworkers,andencouragingfirmstoassigntemporaryjobsprimarilytoemployeeswhoexplicitlyindicatethatpreference.1.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto(A)presenttheresultsofstatisticalanalysesandproposefurtherstudies(B)explainarecentdevelopmentandpredictitseventualconsequences.(C)identifythereasonsforatrendandrecommendmeasurestoaddressit.(D)outlineseveraltheoriesaboutaphenomenonandadvocateoneofthem(E)describethepotentialconsequencesofimplementinganewpolicyandargueinfavorofthatpolicy.2.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingistrueofthe“factorsaffectingemployers”thatarementionedinlines10?(A)Mostexpertscitethemashavinginitiatedthegrowthintemporaryemploymentthatoccurredduringthe1980’s.(B)Theymayaccountfortheincreaseinthetotalnumberoftemporaryworkersduringthe1980’s.(C)Theywerelessimportantthandemographicchangeinaccountingfortheincreaseoftemporaryemploymentduringthe1980’s.(D)Theyincludedasharpincreaseinthecostoflaborduringthe1980’s.(E)Theyaremoredifficulttoaccountforthanatotherfactorsinvolvedinthegrowthoftemporaryemploymentduringthe1980’s.ThepassagementionseachofthefollowingasanappropriatekindofgovernmentalactionEXCEPT(A)gettingfirmstooffertemporaryemploymentprimarilytoacertaingroupofpeople.(B)encouragingequitablepayfortemporaryandpermanentemployees(C)facilitatingtheorganizationoftemporaryworkersbylaborunions.(D)establishingguidelinesontheproportionoftemporaryworkersthatfirmsshouldemploy(E)ensuringthattemporaryworkersobtainbenefitsfromtheiremployers.阅读的类型类型三：问题解决型文章开始提出一个问题，可以是明确的设问，也可以是给出一个困难（difficulty）或任务（task），后面会对此作出解答。TS一般在问题解决处。标志：“问题”puzzle,task,problem,dilemma,difficulty,paradox,controversy;此后会有解释：onepossibleexplanationisthat…,Cressyfindsthat…等。例题：OGp.328重点关注：1、一段叙述后（尤其在第二段开始），出现转折词。2、设问及其回答（一般来说，回答句即为TS）。3、大段举例之前的观点或大段举例之后的总结往往就是TS，前者更为多见。Warm-bloodedanimalshaveelaboratephys