3-interlanguage-and-the-natrual-route-of-developme

InterlanguageandtheNaturalRouteofDevelopmentMentalistsviewofL1acquisitionChomskyImportantfiguresLennebergeMcneillChomskyChomsky---UniversalGrammarPrimarylinguisticdataADGLennebergLenneberg(1967)emphasizesthebiologicalprerequisites(先决条件)oflanguage.Onlyhomosapiens(智人，现代人)wascapableoflearninglanguage.Lenneberg’sworkprovidedempiricalandtheoreticalsupportfortheconceptofabuilt-incapacityforlanguageaspartofeveryhumanbeing’sbiologicalendowment.McneillMcneill(1966)hypothesesaboutthe‘transformations’thatwerenecessarytoconvertinnateknowledgeintothesurfaceformsofhismothertongue.Insummary,mentalistviewsofL1acquisitionpositedthefollowing:1.Languageisahuman-specificfaculty2.Languageexistsasanindependentfacultyinthehumanmindi.e.althoughitispartofthelearner’stotalcognitiveapparatus,itisseparatedfromthegeneralcognitivemechanismresponsibleforintellectualdevelopment.3.TheprimarydeterminantofL1acquisitionisthechild’sacquisitiondevice,whichisgeneticallyendowedandprovidesthechildwithasetofprinciplesaboutgrammar.4.the‘acquisitiondevice’atrophies(萎缩)withage.5.theprocessofacquisitionconsistsofhypothesis-testing,bywhichmeansthegrammarofthelearner’smothertongueisrelatedtotheprinciplesofthe‘universalgrammar’LongitudinalstudiesManyofthechildren’searlyutterancewereunique.(nonative-speakingadultcouldhaveproduced),whichprovidedastrongargumentforrejectingbehavioristaccountsofL1Aonempiricalgrounds.Developmentwascontinuousandincremental(增加的).MLU（meanlengthofutterance）(话语平均长度)Researchshowthatchildrenappeartofollowafairlywell-definedpatternofdevelopment.Theytypicallybeginwithone-wordutterance,thentwo-orthree-orfourword…TheseregularitiesareoftendescribedwithreferencetoMLUasageneralmeasureofdevelopment.AuniversalprocessAccordingtomentalistaccountsofL1acquisition,languageacquisitionisauniversalprocess.Abulkofresearch(See(KlimaandBellugi1966)&R.Brown1973)indicatesthatthereisamoreorlessfixedsequenceofdevelopmentthroughwhichchildrenpassonthewaytoachievingadultcompetenceintheirL1.Interlanguage“Interlanguage”canbecalledasLearnerlanguageTheterm“Interlanguage”wasproposedbyL.Selinkerin1972,butthemeaningofthethreeterms,“transitionalcompetence”(过渡性能力)(Corder1967);“anidiosyncraticdialect”（特殊方言）byCorder(1971)and“anapproximativesystem”（相似系统）byNemser(1971),isthesameasthatof“interlanguage”.Interlanguageisonekindofspeciallanguage,whichisneitherL1norL2.Itislearnerlanguage.BothL1andL2acquisitionfollowthefollowingdevelopment:Initialstate→Developingstate1→Developingstate2→FinalstateTheSLAprocessis:L1→interlanguage→L2FactorsaffectingtheInterlanguagesystemSelinker(1972)listsfivefactorswhichdirectlyaffecttheoutputoftheinterlanguagesystem:Languagetransfer-fossilizableitems,rules,subsystemswhichoccurintheinterlanguageasaresultoftransferfromthenativelanguage.(学习者用母语规则认知目标语语言规则，并产生学习者的中介于语言规则的现象。本质上是母语潜在地影响学习者认知目标语方式的结果。)FactorsaffectingtheInterlanguagesystemOvergeneralizationoftargetlanguagelinguisticmaterial-overgeneralizationoftargetlanguagerulesandsemanticfeatures.Eg.Hegoedthere.Transferoftraining-itemsresultingfromparticularapproachesusedintraining.（训练后转移针对受教师的教学方式和教学材料的影响而形成的中介语认知。这种方式典型的受到外界信息的影响甚至制约，有正反两向影响）比如：过度强调write的过去分词written就会引导学习者把现在分词写成writtingFactorsaffectingtheInterlanguagesystemStrategiesofL2learning-identifiableapproachesbythelearnertothematerialbeinglearned.FactorsaffectingtheInterlanguagesystemStrategiesofL2communication-identifiableapproachesbythelearnertocommunicationwithnativespeakersofthetargetlanguage.FossilizationSelinker,inhistheoryofaninterlanguage,alsopostulatestheconceptof'fossilization,'whereinparticular'linguisticitems,rules,andsubsystems'thataL2learnerwill'tendtokeepintheirILrelativetoaparticularTLnomatterwhattheageofthelearneroramountofexplanationandinstructions/hereceivesintheTL.'FossilizationThesemaybeitemsthelearnerneverhascompletelymastered,ortheycanbeitemswhichthelearnerhasseemedtomasterbutcannotconsistentlyreproduce,especiallyunderconditionsofanxiety,excitement,orextremerelaxation.FossilizationItisimportant,Selinkernotes,torealizethatthese‘backsliding’(倒退)eventsarenotrandomortowardstheNLofaspeaker,butareinsteadtowardsaninterlanguagenorm.Combinationsoffossilizeditemsaretermed'ILcompetences,'andfossilizationsoftheseILcompetencescouldlendthemselvestotheproductionofnewdialects.IL’scharacteristicsPermeable(渗透性)Dynamic（动态的）Systematic（成系统的）ThenaturalrouteofdevelopmentOneoftheassumptionsoftheContrastiveAnalysishypothesiswasthatlearnerswithdifferentL1wouldlearnaL2indifferentways,asaresultofnegativetransferimposingdifferentkindsofdifficulty.ChallengingtheContrastiveAnalysishypothesisledtoaconsiderationofthepossibilitythatL2learnersfollowedauniversalrouteinacquiringaL2.ThelongitudinalresearchThelongitudinalresearchhasprovidedstrongevidenceinfavorofanaturaldevelopmentalrouteinSLA.NegationInterrogationRelativeclauseNegationNoverygood.Noyouplayinghere.Mariananotcomingtoday.Inocanswim.Idon’tseenothingmop.Ican’tplaythisone.Iwon’tgo.Hedoesn’tknowanything.Ididn’tsaidit.Shedidn’tbelieveme.Interrogation