Unit-2---Marrakech

2007/71Unit2MarrakechByGeorgeOrwell2007/72BackgroundKnowledgeMoroccoMarrakechFrenchColoniesJewsGeorgeOrwell2007/73MarrakechliesinwestcentralMorocco,attheNorthernfootofthehighAtlas,130milessouthofCasablanca,thechiefseaport.Thecityrenownedforleathergoods,isoneoftheprincipalcommercialcentersofMorroco.2007/74ThehistoryofMarrakechMarrakech,calledalsotheredtown,becauseoftheredwallsurroundtheoldtown,themedina.2007/75ABriefIntroductiontoColony1.Definitionofcolony2.Frenchcolonies3.InfluenceofFrenchcolonization2007/761.a.emigrantsortheirdescendantsinadistantterritorybutremainsubjecttoorcloselyassociatedwiththeparentcountry.b.Aterritorythussettled.2.Aregionpoliticallycontrolledbyadistantcountry;adependency.3.Agroupofpeoplewhohavebeeninstitutionalizedinarelativelyremotearea2007/771.Background2.TheFrenchEmpire3.TheEndingOfFrenchEmpire2007/78Purposesofcolonization•adesireformaterialgainb)desiretospreadreligionc)adesiretoexpandterritory2007/79Lightblue:TheFirstFrenchEmpireDarkblue:TheSecondFrenchEmpire2007/710TheFirstFrenchEmpire(16thC---18thC)Area:NorthAmerica:Canada,,America,Haiti;SouthAmerica:Brazil,Senegal,MauritiusSouthAsia:India(partof)2007/711TheSecondFrenchEmpire(1830---1945)NorthAmerica:SaintPierreandMiquelonCaribbeanSouthAmerica:FrenchGuyanaNorthAfrica:Algeria,Morocco•Benin,Burkina,Senegal,Togo,CameroonMiddleEast:Lebanon,Turkey,SyriaAsia:Cambodia,Laos,India,2007/712PeopleinFrenchColonies2007/7132007/714DuringtheSecondWorldWar,theFrenchcolonieswereoutofhiscontrol.Mostofthemwereoccupiedbyothercountries,suchasBritain,Japan,AmericaandGerman.AftertheSecondWorldWar,independentmovementspreadglobally.Thecolonizedcountrieswereindependent,whichendedtheFrenchEmpire.2007/715IN1960,17Africancountriesareindependent,13ofwhichweretheFrenchcolonies,2007/716TheEffectFrenchcolonizationaffectedallareasoftheworld.1)Onelongtermeffectofcolonizationisachangeinthecultureofacolonizedareaorpeoplegroup.2)Anotherlongtermeffectoncolonizedcountriescomesthroughreligion.BelievingTheLordishighaboveallnations...(Psalm113:4),thenationshavingtheLordsoughttoexpandHisreigneventotheremotestpartoftheearth2007/717ManyformerFrenchcoloniesadoptedthesimpleverticalstripesoftheFrenchtricolorwhentheydesignedtheirownflags.In1959Chadchoseblueforthesky,yellowforthesun,andredforprogressandunity.2007/718GeorgeOrwellOrwell’sworksareconcernedwiththesociopoliticalconditionsofhistimes,throughmercilessexpositionofthepoverty,miseryanddegradation落魄ofthenativepeopleinthecolonies,hedenouncestheevilsofcolonialismorimperialismandmanagetoshowhisoutrageatit.Orwellisfamousforhisterselucid简洁易懂的prosestyleandgoodattheappropriateuseofsimplebutforcefulwordstodescribeobjectivelythescenesbeforehiseyes.2007/719Structureoftheinformation(time)BackgroundmaterialaboutOrwellOrwellinthe1930sandhisworksOrwellinthe1940sandhisimportantworksMarriageanddeath2007/720GeorgeOrwellisthepseudonymofEricArthurBlair(1903-50),Britishnovelistandessayist,bornatMotihari摩坦赫利,Bengal(孟买),India.Hisfather,RichardWalmesleyBlair,wasaminorcustomsofficialintheopiumdepartmentoftheIndianCivilService.2007/721WhenOrwellwas4yearsold,hisfamilyreturnedtoEnglandwhereheremaineduntil1922.WhenOrwellwas8yearsold,hewassenttoaprivatepreparatoryschoolinSussex.AfterattendingWellingtonandEton,hefailedtowinauniversityscholarshipthenheservedwiththeIndianImperialPoliceinBurma.2007/722Inthe1930sHisexperienceinBurmaisdescribedinhisfirstnovel“BurmeseDays”(1934)缅甸风云.OnhisreturntoEuropein1927helivedinapoorfinancialcondition,firstinParisandtheninLondon,aperiodwhichisthebasisofhisbook“DownandOutinParisandLondon”(1933)巴黎和伦敦的落魄生活.Andinthisbookheassumedthename“GeorgeOrwell”bywhichhewouldbecomeworldfamous2007/723Duringthe1930sOrwellhadadoptedtheviewsofasocialistandtraveledtoSpaintoreportontheircivilwar.HetookthesideoftheRepublican(UnitedWorkersMarxistPartymilitia统一公党市民军)andfoughtalongsidethem,whichearnedhimawoundintheneck.ItwasthiswarthatmadehimhatecommunisminfavoroftheEnglishbrandofsocialism.OrwellwroteabookonSpain,“HomagetoCatalonia”(向加泰罗尼亚致敬),whichwaspublishedin1938.2007/724DuringthesecondWorldWarrejectedformilitaryserviceonaccountoftuberculosisandawound,Orwellservedasasergeant(军士）intheHomeGuardandalsoworkedasajournalistfortheBBC,ObserverandTribune(论坛),wherehewasliteraryeditorfrom1943to1945.Itwastowardtheendofthewarthathewrote“AnimalFarm”,andwhenitwasoverhemovedtoScotland.DuringWorldWarTwo:2007/725Itwas“AnimalFarm”(动物庄园)asatiricalfantasyattackingcommunismaspracticedinSovietUnionthatfinallymadeOrwellprosperous.Hisotherworld-widesuccess“NineteenEighty-Four”(1984)isanelaboratesatireonmodernpolitics,apropheticnoveldescribingthedehumanizationofmaninamechanistic,totalitarian极权主义的world.2007/726Orwellwrotemanyliteraryessaysaswell,hisvolumesofessaysinclude:Dickens(1946)狄更斯DaliandOthers(1946)达里ShootinganElephant(1950)射象CollectedEssays(1968)随笔Journalism(1968)新闻文章LettersofGeorgeOrwell(1968)书信集2007/727MarriageandDeathEileenO'Shaugnessy,Orwell'swifediedin1945andin1949heremarriedtoawomannamedSoniaBrowell.Orwell'ssecondmarriagewa