高中英语必修5课文逐句翻译(人教版)

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11.必修五Unit1JOHNSNOWDEFEATS“KINGCHOLERA”约翰·斯诺击败“霍乱王”JohnSnowwasafamousdoctorinLondon-soexpert,indeed,thatheattendedQueenVictoriaasherpersonalphysician.约翰·斯诺是伦敦一位著名的医生——他的确医术精湛,因而成为照料维多利亚女王的私人医生。Buthebecameinspiredwhenhethoughtabouthelpingordinarypeopleexposedtocholera.但他一想到要帮助那些得了霍乱的普通百姓时,他就感到很振奋。Thiswasthedeadlydiseaseofitsday.霍乱在当时是最致命的疾病,Neitheritscausenoritscurewasunderstood.人们既不知道它的病源,也不了解它的治疗方法。Somanythousandsofterrifiedpeoplediedeverytimetherewasanoutbreak.每次霍乱暴发时,就有大批惊恐的老百姓死去。JohnSnowwantedtofacethechallengeandsolvethisproblem.约翰·斯诺想面对这个挑战,解决这个问题。Heknewthatcholerawouldneverbecontrolleduntilitscausewasfound.他知道,在找到病源之前,霍乱疫情是无法控制的。Hebecameinterestedintwotheoriesthatpossiblyexplainedhowcholerakilledpeople.斯诺对霍乱致人死地的两种推测都很感兴趣。Thefirstsuggestedthatcholeramultipliedintheair.Acloudofdangerousgasfloatedarounduntilitfounditsvictims.一种看法是霍乱病毒在空气中繁殖着,像一股危险的气体到处漂浮,直到找到病毒的受害者为止。Thesecondsuggestedthatpeopleabsorbedthisdiseaseintotheirbodieswiththeirmeals.第二种看法是人们在吃饭的时候把这种病毒引入体内的。Fromthestomachthediseasequicklyattackedthebodyandsoontheaffectedpersondied.病从胃里发作而迅速殃及全身,患者就会很快地死去。JohnSnowsuspectedthatthesecondtheorywascorrectbutheneededevidence.斯诺推测第二种说法是正确的,但他需要证据。SowhenanotheroutbreakhitLondonin1854,hewasreadytobeginhisenquiry.因此,在1854年伦敦再次暴发霍乱的时候,约翰·斯诺着手准备对此进行调研。Asthediseasespreadquicklythroughpoorneighbourhoods,hebegantogatherinformation.当霍乱在贫民区迅速蔓延的时候,约翰·斯诺就开始收集资料。Intwoparticularstreets,thecholeraoutbreakwassoseverethatmorethan500peoplediedintendays.他发现特别在两条街道上霍乱流行的很严重,在10天之内就死去了500多人。Hewasdeterminedtofindoutwhy.他决心要查明其原因。Firsthemarkedonamaptheexactplaceswhereallthedeadpeoplehadlived.首先,他在一张地图上标明了所有死者住过的地方。Thisgavehimavaluableclueaboutthecauseofthedisease.这提供了一条说明霍乱起因的很有价值的线索。ManyofthedeathswerenearthewaterpumpinBroadStreet(especiallynumbers16,37,38and40).许多死者是住在宽街的水泵附近(特别是这条街上16、37、38、40号)。Healsonoticedthatsomehouses(suchas20and21BroadStreetand8and9CambridgeStreet)hadhadnodeaths.他发现有些住宅(如宽街上20号和21号以及剑桥街上的8号和9号)却无人死亡。Hehadnotforeseenthis,sohemadefurther2investigations.他以前没预料到这种情况,所以他决定深入调查。Hediscoveredthatthesepeopleworkedinthepubat7CambridgeStreet.他发现,这些人都在剑桥街7号的酒馆里打工,Theyhadbeengivenfreebeerandsohadnotdrunkthewaterfromthepump.而酒馆为他们免费提供啤酒喝,因此他们没有喝从宽街水泵抽上来的水。Itseemedthatthewaterwastoblame.看来水是罪魁祸首。Next,JohnSnowlookedintothesourceofthewaterforthesetwostreets.接下来,约翰·斯诺调查了这两条街的水源情况。HefoundthatitcamefromtheriverpollutedbythedirtywaterfromLondon.他发现,水是从河里来的,而河水被伦敦排出的脏水污染了。HeimmediatelytoldtheastonishedpeopleinBroadStreettoremovethehandlefromthepumpsothatitcouldnotbeused.他马上叫宽街上惊慌失措的老百姓拆掉水泵的把手。这样,水泵就用不成了。Soonafterwardsthediseasesloweddown.不久,疫情就开始得到缓解。Hehadshownthatcholerawasspreadbygermsandnotinacloudofgas.他证明了霍乱是由病菌而不是由气体传播的。InanotherpartofLondon,hefoundsupportingevidencefromtwootherdeathsthatwerelinkedtotheBroadStreetoutbreak.在伦敦的另一个地区,他从两个与宽街暴发的霍乱有关联的死亡病例中发现了有力的证据。Awoman,whohadmovedawayfromBroadStreet,likedthewaterfromthepumpsomuchthatshehaditdeliveredtoherhouseeveryday.有一位妇女是从宽街搬过来的,她特别喜欢那里的水,每天都要派人从水泵打水运到家里来。Bothsheandherdaughterdiedofcholeraafterdrinkingthewater.她和她的女儿喝了这种水,都得了霍乱而死去。WiththisextraevidenceJohnSnowwasabletoannouncewithcertaintythatpollutedwatercarriedthevirus.有了这个特别的证据,约翰·斯诺就能够肯定地宣布,这种被污染了的水携带着病菌。Topreventthisfromhappeningagain,JohnSnowsuggestedthatthesourceofallthewatersuppliesbeexamined.为了防止这种情况的再度发生,约翰·斯诺建议所有水源都要经过检测。Thewatercompanieswereinstructednottoexposepeopletopollutedwateranymore.自来水公司也接到指令,不能再让人们接触被污染的水了。FinallyKingCholerawasdefeated.最终,“霍乱王”被击败了。2.必修五Unit1COPERNICUS’REVOLUTIONRRYTHEORY哥白尼的革命性理论NicolausCopernicuswasfrightenedandhismindwasconfused.尼古拉·哥白尼被吓得心烦意乱的。Althoughhehadtriedtoignorethem,allhismathematicalcalculationsledtothesameconclusion:thattheearthwasnotthecentreofthesolarsystem.虽然他曾经试着不去理睬那些数字,然而他所有的数学计算都得出了一个相同的结论:地球不是太阳系的中心。Onlyifyouputthesuntheredidthemovementsoftheotherplanetsintheskymakesense.只有当你把太阳3放在中心位置上,天空中其他行星的运动才能说得清楚。YethecouldnottellanyoneabouthistheoryasthepowerfulChristianChurchwouldhavepunishedhimforevensuggestingsuchanidea.他的这个理论可不能告诉任何人,因为即使他只暗示有这种想法,他都会受到强大的基督教会势力的惩罚。TheybelievedGodhadmadetheworldandforthatreasontheearthwasspecialandmustbethecentreofthesolarsystem.教会认为世界是上帝创造的,正因为如此,地球就具有特殊的意义,它必定要成为太阳系的中心。Theproblemarosebecauseastronomershadnoticedthatsomeplanetsintheskyseemedtostop,movebackwardandthengoforwardinaloop.这样,问题就来了,因为天文学家以前发现过,天上有些行星停顿下来,往后移动,然后再成环状向前移动,Othersappearedbrighterattimesandlessbrightatothers.而其他行星看上去有时亮些,有时又不怎么亮。Thiswasverystrangeiftheearthwasthecentreofthesolarsystemandallplanetswentroundit.如果地球是太阳系的中心,而所有行星环绕着地球转的话,那么这种现象就很奇怪了。Copernicushadthoughtlongandhardabouttheseproblemsandtriedtofindananswer.哥白尼对这些问题曾经苦苦思索过很久,试图找出问题的答案。Hehadcollectedobservationsofthestarsandusedallhismathematicalknowledgetoexplainthem.他曾经收集过观察星球的数据,并且利用他的全部数学知识来解释这些数据。Butonlyhisnewtheorycoulddothat.但是只有他的新理论才能作出解释。Sobetween1510and1514heworkedonit,graduallyimprovinghistheoryuntilhefeltitwascomplete.于是,他在1510至1514年期间从事这项研究,逐步修改他的理论,直到他感到完善时为止。In1514heshoweditprivatelytohisfriends.1514年,他把他的新理论私下里给他的朋友们看。Thechangeshemadetotheoldtheorywererevolutionary.他对旧理论的修改是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