商业模式的相关外文文献

西安邮电大学毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译学院：经济与管理学院专业：市场营销班级：营销0802学生姓名：薛春林导师姓名：欧晓华职称：讲师起止时间：2010年12月20日至2011年6月20日英文原文OverviewofbusinessmodelAbusinessmodeldescribestherationaleofhowanorganizationcreates,delivers,andcapturesvalue[1](economic,social,orotherformsofvalue).Theprocessofbusinessmodelconstructionispartofbusinessstrategy.Intheoryandpracticethetermbusinessmodelisusedforabroadrangeofinformalandformaldescriptionstorepresentcoreaspectsofabusiness,includingpurpose,offerings,strategies,infrastructure,organizationalstructures,tradingpractices,andoperationalprocessesandpolicies.Theliteraturehasprovidedverydiverseinterpretationsanddefinitionsofabusinessmodel.Asystematicreviewandanalysisofmanagerresponsestoasurveydefinesbusinessmodelsasthedesignoforganizationalstructurestoenactacommercialopportunity[2].Furtherextensionstothisdesignlogicemphasizetheuseofnarrativeorcoherenceinbusinessmodeldescriptionsasmechanismsbywhichentrepreneurscreateextraordinarilysuccessfulgrowthfirms[3].Wheneverabusinessisestablished,iteitherexplicitlyorimplicitlyemploysaparticularbusinessmodelthatdescribesthearchitectureofthevaluecreation,delivery,andcapturemechanismsemployedbythebusinessenterprise.Theessenceofabusinessmodelisthatitdefinesthemannerbywhichthebusinessenterprisedeliversvaluetocustomers,enticescustomerstopayforvalue,andconvertsthosepaymentstoprofit:itthusreflectsmanagement’shypothesisaboutwhatcustomerswant,howtheywantit,andhowanenterprisecanorganizetobestmeetthoseneeds,getpaidfordoingso,andmakeaprofit.[4]Businessmodelsareusedtodescribeandclassifybusinesses(especiallyinanentrepreneurialsetting),buttheyarealsousedbymanagersinsidecompaniestoexplorepossibilitiesforfuturedevelopment.Also,wellknownbusinessmodelsoperateasrecipesforcreativemanagers.[5]Businessmodelsarealsoreferredtoinsomeinstanceswithinthecontextofaccountingforpurposesofpublicreporting.Overtheyears,businessmodelshavebecomemuchmoresophisticated.Thebaitandhookbusinessmodel(alsoreferredtoastherazorandbladesbusinessmodelorthetiedproductsbusinessmodel)wasintroducedintheearly20thcentury.Thisinvolvesofferingabasicproductataverylowcost,oftenataloss(thebait),thenchargingcompensatoryrecurringamountsforrefillsorassociatedproductsorservices(thehook).Examplesinclude:razor(bait)andblades(hook);cellphones(bait)andairtime(hook);computerprinters(bait)andinkcartridgerefills(hook);andcameras(bait)andprints(hook).AninterestingvariantofthismodelisAdobe,asoftwaredeveloperthatgivesawayitsdocumentreaderfreeofchargebutchargesseveralhundreddollarsforitsdocumentwriter.Inthe1950s,newbusinessmodelscamefromMcDonald'sRestaurantsandToyota.Inthe1960s,theinnovatorswereWal-MartandHypermarkets.The1970ssawnewbusinessmodelsfromFedExandToysRUs;the1980sfromBlockbuster,HomeDepot,Intel,andDellComputer;the1990sfromSouthwestAirlines,Netflix,eBay,Amazon.com,andStarbucks.Today,thetypeofbusinessmodelsmightdependonhowtechnologyisused.Forexample,entrepreneursontheinternethavealsocreatedentirelynewmodelsthatdependentirelyonexistingoremergenttechnology.Usingtechnology,businessescanreachalargenumberofcustomerswithminimalcosts.BusinessmodelframeworksTherearevariouswaystodefineandconceptualizebusinessmodels.Inthefollowingsomeoftheseconceptualizationsareintroduced.BusinessmodelcanvasBusinessModelCanvas:Ninebusinessmodelbuildingblocks,Osterwalder,Pigneur,&al.2010[1]Osterwalder'swork[1][6]proposeasinglereferencemodel,calledBusinessModelCanvasbasedonthesimilaritiesofawiderangeofbusinessmodelconceptualizations.Itisnowadaysoneofthemostusedframeworksfordescribingtheelementsofbusinessmodels.Withthisbusinessmodeldesigntemplate,anenterprisecaneasilydescribetheirbusinessmodel.AspectsofthetemplateareInfrastructure,Offering,Customers,Finances,etc.OtherapproachesBusinessreferencemodelBusinessreferencemodelisareferencemodel,concentratingonthearchitecturalaspectsofthecorebusinessofanenterprise,serviceorganizationorgovernmentagency.ComponentbusinessmodelTechniquedevelopedbyIBMtomodelandanalyzeanenterprise.Itisalogicalrepresentationormapofbusinesscomponentsorbuildingblocksandcanbedepictedonasinglepage.Itcanbeusedtoanalyzethealignmentofenterprisestrategywiththeorganization'scapabilitiesandinvestments,identifyredundantoroverlappingbusinesscapabilities,etc.AlthoughWebvanfailedinitsgoalofdisintermediatingtheNorthAmericansupermarketindustry,severalsupermarketchains(likeSafewayInc.)havelaunchedtheirowndeliveryservicestotargetthenichemarkettowhichWebvancatered.IndustrializationofservicesbusinessmodelBusinessmodelusedinstrategicmanagementandservicesmarketingthattreatsserviceprovisionasanindustrialprocess,subjecttoindustrialoptimizationproceduresBusinessModellingBusinessModellingisanimportanttooltocapture,design,innovateandtransformthebusiness.[7]However,inordertotransformonesorganizationandalignthemtoonesbusinessmodel,abusinessmodelshouldnotbeseenseparately,butinconnectionwith[8]:Astep-by-steproadmapthatdescribesthesynergyandcontextbetweenBusinessModelandalignmentofStrategyMap,Scorecards,etc.intotheorganization.Themainbusinessgoalsoftheorganization,e.g.strate