grammar(Fronting & postponement)前置与后置

GrammarFronting&postponementAs…as…Notas/so…asSubject-predicateAgreementEach…andeach…,every…andevery…,no…andno…等作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式：e.g.Noteacherandnostudentwashere.all,most,half,enough,some,therest,thereminder等+of…短语作主语时，谓语动词的单复数形式由of后面的决定。•e.g.Whenenoughofthetreeischoppedaway,thetreefalls.•如果一棵树砍去足够多的部分，树就会倒下。•Enoughofthedatahavebeencollected.•已经收集了足够多的数据。Inversionas引导的让步状语从句用倒装结构，将表语或谓语中的动词提前。系动词be前置用倒装结构，引导让步状语从句。Smallasitis,anatomcanstillbeseen.→Thoughitissmall,anatomcanstillbeseen.Behepoororrich,Iwillmarryhimallthesame.→Whetherheshouldbepoororrich,Iwillmarryhimallthesame.never,scarcely,hardly,rarely,little,nowhere,nosooner…than…,notonly,Innocase,innoway,onnoaccount,atnotime,under(in)nocircumstances等等词放在句首，句子要部分倒装。e.g.Scarcelyhadshefallenasleepwhenaknockatthedoorawakenedher.她刚要睡着时，忽然敲门的声音把她惊醒了。•（1）倍数+形容词（或副词）的比较级+than•Thisropeistwicelongerthanthatone．这根绳的长度是那根绳的三倍。（比那根绳长二倍）•（2）倍数+as+形容词（或much）或副词+as•Thisbigstoneisthreetimesasheavyasthatone．这块大石头的重量是那一块的三倍。（这块石头比那块重二倍）•（3）倍数+thesize（length，height…）of•Thisstreetisfourtimesthelengthofthatstreet．这条街是那条街的四倍长。Fronting(前置):putanormallynon-initialelementtothefrontofthesentencesoastoshowemphasis.把在正常词序中通常较晚出现得成分移至句首，使之处于突出的位置，从而受到特殊强调，这种语法手段叫做前置。eg.FoolJohnmaybe,butthiefheisnot.Postponement(后置):putanon-endingelementtotheendofasentencesoastoshowemphasis.组词成句时往往要将说话人认为认为最重要的内容置于句尾。使之处于突出的地位，这种语法手段叫做“后置”。•Compare:Hegavemeabook.Hegaveabooktome.前者侧重在abook,适用于回答Whatdidhegiveyou?后者侧重在me,适用于回答Whodidhegiveabooktome?Original：Theypronouncedeveryoneoftheaccusedguilty.宾语太长，导致句子结构失衡，需要将宾语移至句末。Improved：Theypronouncedguiltyeveryoneoftheaccused.宾语宾语补足语Original:Theproblemofwhatcontributionthepublicshouldmakethenarose.主语的修饰语太长，导致句子结构失衡，需要将主语修饰语移至句末Improved:Theproblemthenaroseofwhatcontributionthepublicshouldmake.KeyofexerciseIII.•1.Theypronouncedguiltyeveryoneoftheaccused.•2.Hehadcalledanidiotthemanonwhosejudgmenthenowhadtorely.•3.WecannotsettotallyasideawholesystemofrulesdevisedbyCongressitself.•4.Theproblemthenaroseofwhatcontributionthepublicshouldmake.•5.Hegavetheparceltothesergeantwhooccupiedthetrenchopposite.•6.Sendtheparceltothesergeantwhooccupiedthetrenchopposite.•7.Isawonmywayhomeyesterdayamanwithascaracrosshisfacetryingtoescapewithabaghehadsnatchedfromalady.•8.Itwasmyintentiontoproduceafairlyshortone-volumeintroductiontosemanticswhichmightservetheneedsofstudentsinseveraldisciplinesandmightbeofinteresttothegeneralreader.as….as1.as…as的基本模式：as+形容词或副词原级+as–分句•e.g.JohnisasbrightasBob.JohnbehavesaspolitelyasBob(does).•这种比较结构的否定形式：e.g.Johnisnotas/sobrightasBob.Johndoesn’tbehaveas/sopolitelyasBob.以上否定意义还可以用less…than结构来表示e.g.JohnislessbrightthanBob.JohnbehaveslesspolitelythanBob.2.as…as结构的句子也可能是主语相同，而比较项目不同•e.g.Heissowiseasheiswitty.Sheissowittyassheispretty.Theswimmingpoolisaswideasitislong.这种比较结构的否定形式：e.g.Heisnotas/sowiseasheiswitty.他为人风趣，但有欠明智。Sheisnotas/sowittyassheispretty.她相貌美丽，但不太风趣。Theswimmingpoolisnotas/sowideasitislong.这个游泳池宽度没有长度长。3.as…as结构可能两个主语和两个比较项目都不同e.g.Theswimmingpoolistwiceaswideasthatoneislong.Hisunclewasasbaseandunworthyashisfatherhadbeenuprightandhonorable.这种比较结构的否定形式：e.g.Theswimmingpoolisn’ttwiceaswideasthatoneislong.Hisunclewasn’tasbaseandunworthyashisfatherhadbeenuprightandhonorable4.as…as结构还有一个变体形式：as+形容词原级+名词词组+as-分句e.g.GeorgeisasefficientaworkerasJack.Idon’twantasexpensiveacarasthis.这种结构是由as…as结构的基本模式转换而来：e.g.Georgeisaworker(whois)asefficientasJack.Idon’twantacar(whichis)asexpensiveasthis.基本模式和变体形式含义基本相同，但是用变体模式，强调的重点是名词(aworker/acar);用基本模式，强调的重点是形容词(efficient/expensive).notso…as:(usedincomparisons)nottothesamedegreee.g.It’snotas/soeasyasyou’dthink.Hewasnotas/soquickalearnerashisbrother.Thenegativeformofas…asis“notas…as”or“notso…as”.Butsomaynotbeused:1.afterthecontractedformsuchasisn’t,don’t.e.g.Johnisnotas/sobrightasBob.Johnisn’tasbrightasBob.2.whenthereareotherlexicalitemsbetweenthenegativewordandas…asconstruction.e.g.MichaeldoesnotswimaswellasPaul.However,whenadverbswithnegativemeanings,suchasnotnearly,notquite,areuseddirectlybeforethecomparativeconstruction,soisusuallyacceptable.e.g.Michaeldoesnotswimnearlyas/sowellasPaul.1、They’renotsobadneighborsaswefirstthought.such+n.so+adj.such2、Thepreviousownerswantedasmanyas$60,000forit,but&50,000wassohighaswecouldgo.4、Themainproblemisahugetreeasfewas3metersfromthehouse,whichkeepsputthelight.muchmuch在该结构的两个as之间通常接形容词或副词的原级，若as后面的名词可数，则用many，若as后面跟的名词不可数，则用much。时间、金钱、长度等都看做一个整体，所以用做不可数名词。3、Ourgarageisverysmall,butthat’snottoobigproblem.5、Sinceheraccident,Maryhastriedtoleadasnormallifeaspossible.bigaproblemnormalalifeas…as结构还有一个变体形式，这就是as+形容词原级+名词词组+as-分句，e.g：GeorgeisasefficientaworkerasJack.值得注意的是，嵌入在as…as结构中的名词词组通常是“不定冠词+单数名词”或者“零冠词+不可数名词”（较为罕见)6、Hewaswalkingsoslowlybeforetoolongwecaughthimup.so…that…如此…以致于…常引导结果状语从句slowlythatbefore7、Thereisasmallnumberinvolved,possiblyaslittleasahundred.Asfewasisusedbeforenumbers.few8、HowisJohn?I’vebeentoldthathe’snotasgood.notsogood=notverywellso