第四章_数据处理和质量保证

(QA/QC)•(error)•1.(systematicalerror)2.(randomerror)3.(grosserror)••()1.2.3.1)2)4.1)1)2)3)4)68.27%95.45%99.70%+3s+2s+s-s-2s-3syyxs•1.2.3.4.•1.2.3.•–•–•1)2)1.–(absoluteerror)–(relativeerror)–%100×=%100RE×µε=µ−=εx2.–(absolutedeviation)–(relativedeviation)–xxdii−=%100xdRDi×=%100xxxRD_21×−=3.()–(range)RminmaxxxR−=4.–(standarddeviation)(root-mean-squaredeviation)sSD–SWSB1n)xx(sn1i2_i−−=∑=–(relativestandarddeviation)(coefficientofvariation)RSDCV%100xsRSD_×=1.2.3.4.5.6.(detectionlimit)•–•––(IUPAC)Sb:bs6.4L=bs3L=(calibrationcurve)•(linearityrangeofcalibrationcurve)•ƒIUPACDL10sbƒ95%(accuracy)•()•%100)(×−=η(precision)••(repeatability&reproducibility)•nr95%•mnR95%Ws83.2r=2B2Wss83.2R+=A.B.C.D.27.026.0xxxxDCBA26.725.028.0xxxx•(significantfigure)–0.04354.00350.40354.350043500–eg.12.512.5012.5001.15.45322.480.2470.0368115.4532.480.2470.03718.21718.222.0.067670.196.502370.067670.196.50230.85097568830.93.(8.35)269.722569.7(7.39)1/22.7184554442.724.()1[H+]=7.9810-2mol/LpHpH-lg[H+]-lg(7.9810-2)1.0982pH3.20H+pH-lg[H+]3.20[H+]6.310-4mol/L5.(3.773.703.793.803.72)53.7566.7.()•1)=0.052)=0.05=0.013)=0.01•1)Dixon2)Grubbs3)CochranDixonDixon•Dixon•1)nX1,X2,…Xn-1,XnX1,Xn2)Q4-13)Q4-24)QQ0.01Q0.05QQ0.01QQ0.0541DixonQ1425111381037xnx1n1n12xxxxQ−−=1n1nnxxxxQ−−=−11n12xxxxQ−−=−2n1nnxxxxQ−−=−11n13xxxxQ−−=−2n2nnxxxxQ−−=−12n13xxxxQ−−=−3n2nnxxxxQ−−=−DixonDixon0.6350.5120.44190.5970.4770.409100.6830.5540.47980.6370.5070.43470.6980.5600.48260.7800.6420.55750.8890.7650.67940.9880.9410.88630.010.050.10an42DixonQDixonDixon•14.6514.9014.9014.9214.9514.9615.0015.0015.0115.0214.65•n=10x1Q4-2n=10=0.01Q0.01=0.597Q=0.6940.597=Q0.0114.65694.065.1401.1565.1490.14xxxxQ11n12=−−=−−=−1.S/cmpH/mL/Lcmmg/L2.mg/m3()3.4.5.1/26.7.1.Dixon2.sRSD(CV)3.4.(qualityassurance)•(QA)•1)2)3)4)1.2.3.4.1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.(qualitycontrol))•(QC)•“”•––1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.1.–––••2.–3.4.15%5.15%95%105%6.7.()8.––a––baxy+=∑∑−−−=2_i_i_i)xx()yy)(xx(a__xayb−=005.0b≤999.0r≥∑∑∑−−−−=2_i2_i_i_i)yy()xx()yy)(xx(r9.•••••——•——•——•——20snxxi∑==1)(2−−=∑nxxsiix2'iixx+95%99.7%2s3sxsx3±sx2±x±UCLUWLUALCLLALLWLLCL20202068%2/350%7“”[]201.[]Ag-DDC[]0.4mg/100mL2.--[]1mg/L--3.•–––•–––•–•••21.2465+12.13+0.156+0.02618123.8-89.97+21.036-6.5067-2.123005.28128.692.547(6.54+6.47+6.71+6.66)4lg(2.8710-4)