_纳米材料的环境行为与生物毒性

2009年第54卷第23期:3590~3604:3590~3604LinDH,JiJ,TianXL,etal.Environmentalbehaviorandtoxicityofengineerednanomaterials(inChinese).ChineseSciBull(ChineseVer),2009,54:3590―3604,doi:10.1360/972009-2075:①*,①,①,①,①②,③,④,XingBaoshan②*①,310028;②DepartmentofPlant,SoilandInsectSciences,UniversityofMassachusetts,Amherst,MA01003,USA;③,100012;④,266100*,E-mail:[e-mail];[e-mail]2009-10-09,2009-11-20(:2008CB418204)(:20737002,40873072,40973065)(:Z507093),UnitedStatesDepartmentofAgriculture(USDA)HatchProgram(MAS00978),.,;,;,.2080,21[1].,.,,,2011~20151000/[2].,,.,,.2003,Science,Nature,[3,4].2005,[5,6].,[7],.,,.,,,.1(1~100nm),[1].,[8]:,(SWCNTs)(MWCNTs)(C60);,(ZnO,TiO2,SiO2)(,,)(,);,CdSe,CdTe;,.3591.(),2009825,1015,.(605),137155193933343.,(),()().,2010[9].,“”,..,[10,11];TiO2[12];,[13].Köhler[14].,,,.22.1,,/.1./();;/,/();,,;;/;;,.,,.,.1,.1,;2,;3,/;4,;5,;6,/;7,;8,;9,;10,;11,;12,;13,,()(),,,,[15,16]..,,.,;().[17~20],nC60[21,22],SWCNTs[23,24],TiO2[25,26],SiO2[25][27].,,.,[26].,[17,28][17,19].,[29],2009年12月第54卷第23期3592[26].,,[19,24].,[22,30].,.2.2/,.,,.(,)[31].,37%[32].,,.,[9]..(DOM),[33~35];[19,36,37].,..Stockes[38],(v)202(),9rgvρρη−=(1),ρ,r,ρ0,η.,,(2-a).,,,,.,(120r/min,7d),(MWCNTs),:MWCNT10(10nm)MWCNT20(10~20nm)MWCNT40(20~40nm)MWCNT60(40~60nm)MWCNT100(60~100nm)[35];,(350W,59kHz,60min),5MWCNTs,MWCNT40MWCNT60MWCNT20MWCNT100MWCNT10[37].,(2).,,(2-b).,,(CNTs)(―OH,―COOH)[31].,,.,,,,(2-c).,.pHDOM,.,2(A)(B)/(a),(b)(c);(d),|pH−pHPZC|(e),(f)3593,,,,(2-d).pH().pH,,.pH,,pH(pointofzerocharge,PZC),.,pH|pH−pHPZC|,,(2-e).pH6~9,.pHPZCpH6,,−30mV,,;pHPZCpH9,,(),,;pHPZC6~9,,,.,,.2-f.(criticalcoagula-tionconcentration,CCC),CCC,,;CCC,.,CCC(Z)Schulze-Hardy[38],CCC~(1/Z)6,(2),CCCSchulze-Hardy[37,39],CCC,.DOM.,DOM,.2007,Hyung[33]CNTsSuwannee,DOMCNTs.SahanC60[40]Fe3O4[41].,DOM.,DOM[42,43].DOM,,[28,34].DOM.,,,,,[41];[44].[35],pH,[37].DOM,DOM.,[45].DOM,.2.3(1).,.,.CNTs,[46]()[47][48][49,50][51][52][53].CNTs,.π-πCNTs,CNTs()()(pH)[54].,.2009年12月第54卷第23期3594,[55].CNTs,.,[55],DOM,[43].(2).,.,,,.,,[56].,[57].,.,[56].,Fe3O4Hg(II)Pb(II)Cd(II)Cu(II)[58],..2.4,.,,C60,,1O2,[59].()(ZnO),[60].,[61][9,62]..33.1(1)C60.,C60,[63].,C60[64],2.2µg/LDNA,[65];,C60DNADNA[66];C60,(nC60)[67];C600.5~3.0mg/L,[68];C60,THF/nC60()LC50()0.6mg/L[69]0.8mg/L[70],aqu/nC60(C60)LC507.9mg/L[69]35mg/L[70];0.2mg/LC60,[71].,C60.Sayes[72],1C60,3,C60.Baker[73](10d)(2.222.35mg/m3).,C60.(2)CNTs.CNTs,,[74]..,CNTsC60.Magrez[75],0.02mg/LMWCNTs,.MWCNTs,,1mg/L[76].MWCNTs,DNA,[77].SWCNTs0.38µg/cm2,,MWCNTsC603.06µg/cm2[78].Kang[79]CNTs,,,SWCNTsMWCNTs.AriasYang[80]SWCNTs3595MWCNTs,SWCNTs50mg/L,MWCNTs500~875mg/L.Roberts[81],LPC-SWCNTs(lysophophatidsylcholine)SWCNTs,0.5mg/L,,20mg/L,;LPC-SWCNTs,SWCNTsLPC,SWCNTs;SWCNTs,,.Petersen[82],CNTs,,,.SWCNTs[83];(5mg/kg,24h)(~15%),,SWCNTs[84].,SWCNTs,,[85].CNTs.LinXing[86]MWCNTs6,Lin[87](SWCNTs,MWCNTsC70).(3)..,TiO2,ZnO,SiO2,Au,Ag,Cu,Fe,.,.Nan[88]SiO20.005mg/L0.05mg/L,0.5mg/L5mg/L,,.TiO2,130mg/L,6,2448h61%,7%2%[89].,,[90][91][92].,.Jiang[93]ZnO,Al2O3,SiO2,TiO2(20mg/L),ZnO,;Al2O357%,36%70%;SiO240%,58%70%;TiO2.Adams[94]ZnOSiO2TiO2,,,10mg/LZnO90%14%,100mg/LTiO2.Heinlaan[95]TiO2(20g/L)(V.fischeri),ZnO(LC50=3.2mg/L)CuO(LC50=79mg/L).Ag,IC50()0.14mg/L,[96].,Fe70mg/L(75%),(Fe3O4)350mg/L,700mg/L85%,(Fe2O3)0~700mg/L[97].,,[98].ZnO,72hIC500.06mgZn/L[99].SiO2,,20%(IC20)20.0mg/L(12.5nm)28.8mg/L(27.0nm)[100].Hund-RinkeSimon[101]TiO2,25nmTiO2()(EC50)44mg/L,100nmTiO250mg/L20%;,,TiO2,,,2.5mg/L75%(immobilization),.Aruoja[102]ZnO,TiO2CuO,ZnO2009年12月第54卷第23期3596CuOTiO2,72hIC500.04mg(Zn)/L,11.55mg(Cu)/L35.9mg(Ti)/L.,(80nm)48hLC501.5mg/L[103];(30,60100nm)LC50221~361mg/L,,60nmLC50115mg/L,,LC50(221mg/L)[104].,,48hIC500.19,0.041.5mg/L.Asharani[105],(5~20nm)LC5020~50mg/L,.,[106],,,[107]..,1mg/L72h,68%[108].ZnO,Al2O3TiO2,LC502.3,8280mg/L[109].TiO2(Porcellioscaber)CATGSH,3000mg/kg,[110].,,,TiO2,,[111].,,.,TiO2[112].Fe3O4[113].YangWatts[114](2000mg/L)Al2O3.LinXing[86]Al2O3,ZnZnO,,IC5050,2020mg/L.ZnOIC5064mg/L,[115].IC50335570mg/L,[116].Zhu[113]Fe3O4.,,.(4).,[8].Kloepfer[117]5nm(CdSe,CdSe/ZnS),;,,.CdTe(EC505mg/L),0.1mg/L[118],1.6mg/L[119].,[120],[120,121].,,,[8].,.,,(zeta),[122].鳉(O.latipes),[123],ATP[124].3.2,.,,[84].3..,,,O23597(O2−·)ROS(reactiveoxygenspecies).ROS[125].ROS(oxidativestress),.,,[126].,.,,..().3(NP).1,NP(ROS);2,NP;3,NP;4,NP;5,NPROS;6,NP;7,NP;8,;9,NP,C60.,C60ROS,C60,,,[67,68,127,128].,C60ROS,[126],[129].Brunet[130],C60(fullerol)(1O2),MD1O2O2−·,PVP/nC60(PVP)1O2O2−·,aqu/nC60THF/nC60ROS.THFC60[67],1mg/LTHF/nC60100%,aqu/nC60[70,131].Spohn[132]aqu/nC60THF/nC60,C60,THF-C60.Kovochich[133],THF/nC60THFγ-.CNTs,.,CNTsROS[77,79],.Koyama[134]CNTs,CNTs,.Muller[135],CNTs.Templeton[136],SWCNTs(MeiobenthicCopepod),,Copepod,.AriasYang[80]SWCNTs,,0.9%NaCl,(brainheartinfusionbroth,);SWCNTsSWCNTs.,CNTsCNTs.ROS,,[137].,.Heinlaan[95]Zn-Cu-(Zn-andCu-sensor)ZnOCuO(Vibriofischeri)(DaphniamagnaThamnocephalusplatyurus)Zn2+Cu2+.Franklin[99]ZnO,Zn2+,ZnOZn2+.Mi