建筑消防英文文献-论文

Availableonlineat∗,JMarsdenb,MKellycaUniversityofManchester,UKbFormerlyGreaterManchesterFireandRescueService,UKcGreaterManchesterFireandRescueService,UKAbstractPerformancebasedfireengineeringdesign,asopposedtothetraditionalapproachofsatisfyinghighlyprescriptiverules,isincreasinglybeingtakenupbyclientsandtheirprofessionaladvisers,includingarchitectsandengineers,becausetheperformancebaseddesignapproachcanbeusedtoofferamoreattractivedesignthroughcostsavingandgreaterdesignflexibility.However,fireengineeringsolutionsmakedifferentassumptionsonfireservicesinterventionandarebasedonanumberofengineeringandmanagementassumptions.Theseassumptionshaveimplicationsonactivitiesofthefireauthority,inparticular,firefightingactivitiesandtheseshould,atthedesignstage,beaddressedbythefireengineeringdesignteam.Itisalsoimportantthatthefireauthorityworkscloselywiththefireengineeringdesignteamsothatthefireengineeringassumptionsarenotinvalidatedbyfireserviceintervention.Thispaperidentifiesanumberofchallengesfacingboththefireengineeringdesignteamandthefireauthorityanddiscusseshowsomeofthechallengesmaybetackled.©2011PublishedbyElsevierLtd.Keywords:fireengineering;firefighting;rolesoffireauthority;firestrategy1.IntroductionAchievingfiresafetyinthebuiltenvironmentrequirescontributionsfromanumberoforganisations.Duringthedesignstage,professionaldesignerssuchasarchitectsandengineers,inconsultationwiththefireauthority(FA),developafirestrategytosatisfytheregulatoryandbusinessrequirementsoffiresafety.Duringtheoperationstage,thebuildingshouldbemaintainedandoperatedbytheownerinaccordancewiththefiresafetystrategy,auditedbytheFA.Shouldfirebreakoutinabuilding,thefireandrescueservice(FRS)oftheFAiscalledupontofightthefire.Forabuildingthatisdesignedaccordingto“deemedtosatisfy”prescriptiverules,theaboveprocedureiseasilyfollowed.AlthoughtherearesomeinteractionsbetweentheFAandthefiresafetydesignteamatthedesignstageandbetweentheFAandthebuildingownerduringtheoperationstage,theactionofoneorganisationisessentiallyseparatedfromthoseoftheothers.Forexample,Figure1illustratestherelationship(orlackof)betweenthe∗Correspondingauthor.E-mailaddress:[e-mail]1877–7058©2011PublishedbyElsevierLtd.doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2011.04.699ProcediaEngineering11(2011)583–592OpenaccessunderCCBY-NC-NDlicense.OpenaccessunderCCBY-NC-NDlicense.584YCWangetal./ProcediaEngineering11(2011)583–592differentpartsoftheprescriptiveapproach,basedontheApprovedDocumentspartB(ADB2000)totheBuildingRegulationsofEnglandandWales.Withinthisdocumentconsiderationisgiventofirefighteraccess(B5)inwhichfacilitiessuchasfirefightinglifts,accesstotheperimetertothebuilding,theprovisionofwetordryrisersandtheprovisionoffirefightingwaterinorclosetothebuilding.Thesefeatureshavebeenbasedonaprescriptivedesignandithasbeensimplyassumedthattheprescriptiveapproachtofirefightersafetywillsufficeinthecaseofengineeredbuildings.Itcanofcoursebearguedthatthefacilitiesaffordedtofirefightersinbothprescriptiveandengineereddesignsaredeemedtosatisfy,butgiventheincreaseofheightofbuildings,theuseofmodernbuildingmaterialsandgreatertraveldistances,greateremphasisshouldbegiventofirefighteraccesswithinperformancedesigns.Figure1:ComponentsofprescriptiverulesandlackoflinksbetweenthemThetraditionalapproachoffollowingtheprescriptiveruleshasprovedtobeabletolimitfirerisktoanacceptablylowlevel,asevidencedbytherelativelysmallamountoffirecausedfatalityandloss,comparedtoothercausessuchasroadaccidents.However,withinthecontextofperformancebasedfireengineeringapproach,thecurrentpracticewillmostcertainlynotbeeffective.SincetheFAistheconstantpresencethatlinksthedifferentstagesoffiresafetyactivityofabuilding,interactionsbetweentheFAandotherorganisations,andbetweenfirefightingactivitiesandotheractions,shouldbecriticallyexamined.ThisistheobjectiveofthispaperwhichaimstoinitiateadiscussiononhowtomosteffectivelyutilisetheFA.Performancebased(fireengineered)designsolutionsareconsideredtooffermoreflexibleandcost-effectivefiresafetydesignsthantheprescriptiveapproach.Theuseofperformancebasedapproachisinevitablewhichmakesthisdiscussionimperative.2.FA’sInteractionswithFireEngineeringDesignandTheirRolesTheFA’srolesarethree-fold,asfollows(i)Statutoryconsultation:toensurethattheregulatoryrequirements(BuildingRegulations2000)arecompliedwith.ThiscanbeachievedbyuseofanApprovedDocument(ADB)orbytheuseofaperformancedesign.Firefighteraccessinthecaseofprescriptivedesignisclearlydetailedwithinthedesigncodebutitisnotclearorconsideredinthecaseofaperformancebaseddesign.WithinthesecasesitshouldbetheFA,whoassessthelevelofsafetyforfirefighting,whomaketheirrecommendationstothecontrollingbody.(ii)Legalenforcement:toensurethatthebuildingownermaintainandoperatethebuildingaccordingtothefiredesignstrategy;(iii)Firefightingandrescueintheeventoffire.ADBB3:Internalfirespread(structure)Prescriptiverules,e.g.fireresistancerating/compa