1新目标初中英语总复习资料精品讲义词汇(一)这一讲里,主要帮助同学们掌握名词、冠词、数词的用法,特别是针对同学不易掌握的方面。一、名词关于名词,我们必须掌握名词的数,名词的格。单数可用a、an来修饰可数名词单数,在元音发音开头的单词前用an,如:anapple,anhour而不是a1.复数的构成方法:(1)一般在复数名词后加s,如:dog--dogs。(2)以s、x、ch、sh结尾的名词加es,如:bus-busesbox—boxeswatch—watchesdish—dishes(3)以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i加es,如:country—countriesbaby--babies请区别:如果是元音字母加y结尾的名词,则只须加s。如:monkey--monkeys。(4)以o结尾的名词,只有potato(土豆),tomato(西红柿)加es构成复数。(5)以f、fe结尾的名词,变f、fe为v再加es,如:knife—knivesleaf--leaves2.单复数形式相同的词:sheep--sheep,fish--fishChinese--Chinese,Japanese--Japanese3.特殊变化的单词有:(1)tooth--teeth,foot--feeth(2)man--men,woman--women,policeman--policemen,Frenchman--Frenchmen请区别:German(德国人)—Germans(3)child—children4.常以复数形式出现的名词:people(人),clothes(衣服),trousers(裤子)glasses(眼镜),这些名词作主语时,同学们应特别注意它们的谓语,用复数。如:Myclothesare(be)newerthanyours.5.有些名词看似复数形式,实际上是单数。这一点是同学不易掌握的,应特别加以记忆。如:news(消息),maths(数学),physics(物理)Nonewsisgoodnews.6.可用howmany,many,afew,few,alotof,lotsof,some,any等来修饰可数名词复数。Howmany(knife)arethereinyourpencil-box?(knives)不可数名词:1.常见的不可数名词有:water,rice,fish,meat,等。应特别记medicine,news,work,homework,housework,money,chalk,weather,cotton,wood.2.不可数名词无复数,作主语时常看成单数。如:Somebread________(be)overthere.(is)3.常用howmuch,much,alittle,little,alotof,some,any等来修饰不可数名词。4.常用apieceof,acupof等来表示不可数名词的量。如要表达“两片面包”这样的意义,bread仍为不可数名词,不加s,而piece则可加s。即:twopiecesofbread2请区别:可数名词也可用量来表示,如:三箱苹果threeboxesofapples例:1、Thesetwopiecesofbread_________(be)overthere.(are)2、CouldIhavethree___________,please?(C)A.pieceofbreadB.pieceofbreadsC.piecesofbreadD.piecesofbreads名词的格名词所有格的构成方法,在名词后加“'s”。如:Tom→Tom's译为“…的”,若遇上以s结尾的复数名词,则在s后加“'”即可。如:Teachers'Day,twoweeks'holiday,而不以s结尾的复数名词的所有格,仍按惯例加's。如:Children'sDay关于名词所有格,应掌握以下几点:1.可用名词所有格表示地点。如:myaunt's我姑姑家。gotothedoctor's去医生家。2.表示两人共同拥有,在最后一个名词后加's如:LucyandLily'sroom露西和莉莉的房间3.掌握词组:agirloffive一个五岁的女孩afriendofmine我的一个朋友Thewhiteshirtisandblueoneis.(B)A、Kate,myB.Kate's,mineC.Kate,mineD.Kate's,my二、冠词冠词是词汇中的基础的,也是简单的部分,所以同学们有必要掌握其基本用法,归纳起来,同学们应该掌握以下几点:1.冠词指不定冠词a,an和定冠词the2.不定冠词an常用于元音发音开头的词前,如:anhour,anEnglishcar.请区别:ausefulmachine3.指上文提到过的人或物,用定冠词the4.在世界上独一无二的事物前用定冠词the.如:thesun,themoon,theearth5.定冠词the用于序数词前,表示方位的名词和形容词最高级前。如:thefirst,thebest,inthesouth6.在复数姓氏前加the,表示××一家人,常看成复数。如:TheBrownsaregoingtoShanghaiforaholidaythissummer.7.在介词短语中常用定冠词the,如:inthebox,behindthechair8.特别注意不能用定冠词the的几个方面:(1)在节日、星期、月份、季节、年等词前不用冠词。如:insummer,inAugust请区别:inthespringof1945.(这里表示特指,故加the)(2)一日三餐和球类运动名不用冠词。如:havebreakfast,playfootball3(3)一些固定词组中,如:gotobed,gotoschool,bybus,atnight.9.在有些词组中,有冠词和无冠词意思不同,请注意区别:infrontof在…前面inthehospital在医院里inthefrontof在…范围内的前部inhospital(生病)住院练习:There's_________800-metre-longroadbehind_________hospital.(C)A.an,anB.a,aC.an,theD.a,the三、数词同学们首先应会读会写所有基数词和序数词,以及与数词有关的钟点表达法。对数词的考查,中考常采用单选题及听力题,这些题型归纳起来,应掌握以下几点特别容易出错的地方。1.基数词变序数词。其规律为:1,2,3特殊记,加th从4起(first,second,third,fourth)8少t,9去e,千万别忘记(eighth,ninth)逢5逢12,ve变f(fifth,twelfth)20到90,y要变ie(twentieth,ninetieth)若是几十几,前基后序别倒位(ninety-first)2.hundred,thousand,million在构成具体的数字时用单数形式。如:fivehundredpeople.只有在表达笼统的多数时才加s,构成复数形式。hundredsof数以百计的,成百上千的thousandsof数以千计的,成千上万的millionsof数百万的这些词组前不能用具体数字。3.序数词常与定冠词the连用。练习:①Henryhaslearnedeight_________Frenchwordsthisyear.(A)A.hundredB.hundredsC.hundredofD.hundredsof②The_________(twenty)lessonisthemostdifficultoneinBookTwo.(twentieth)另外,同学们还应掌握与数词有关的钟点表达法。顺读法(钟点+分钟)如:4:30fourthirty4:45fourforty-five4:15fourfifteen倒读法(分钟+to/past+钟点)如:4:30halfpastfour4:15fifteenpastfour/aquarterpastfour4:45fifteentofive/aquartertofive练习题:1.Atthebeginningofthe_____(twenty)century,theworld'spopulationwasabout1700million.(twentieth)42.Arethese_____(watch)yours?Yes.(watches)3.Youdon'tlookwell.You'dbettergotothe______(doctor)atonce.(doctor’s)4.Wouldyougiveme________,please?(C)A.twopapersB.twopieceofpaperC.twopiecesofpaperD.twopiecesofpapers5.Therearethree_____andseven____inthepicture.(B)A.monkeys,sheepsB.monkeys,sheepC.monkies,sheepD.monkies,sheeps6.Alotof____aretalkingwithtwo_______.A.Germans,FrenchmansB.Germen,FrenchmansC.German,FrenchmenD.Germans,Frenchmen(D)7.June1is__.A.theChildren'sDayB.theChildrens'DayC.Children'sDayD.Childrens'Day(A)8.__________peoplewentouttoseewhathadhappened.(A)A.ThousandsofB.ThreethousandofC.ThousandofD.Threethousands9.Wehavebeenintheschoolfor______.(B)A.threeandahalfmonthB.threeandahalfmonthsC.threemonthandahalfD.threemonthsandhalf10.__________Englishis___________usefullanguage.A.A,anB./,aC.The,anD.A,/(B)11.Johnwasgiven_______orangebagforhisbirthdaybut______bagwaslostjustnow.A.an,aB.a,theC.the,aD.an,the(D)12.There's________oldtreenear_______house.A.a,anB.an,theC.a,theD.the,a(B)13.Thereis________800-metre-longroadbehind_________hospital.A.an,anB.a,aC.an,theD.a,the(C)四.代词①人称代词:主格:单数I、you、he、she、it复数we、you、they宾格:单数me、you、him、her、it复数us、you、them⑵物主代词:形容词性my、your、his、her、its、our、your、their名词性mine、yours、his、hers、its、ours、yours、theirs5③反身代词:myself、yourself、himself、herself、itself、ourselves、yourselves、themselves1.形容词性物主代词在句中只能作定语,相当于一个形容词,名词性物主代词在句中可作表语、主语和宾语,相当于一个名词。2.注意名词性物主代词在句中所指代的关系,是单数还是复数。如:⑴Thesebooksaren'tours.Oursarenew.(这里ours=ourbooks)⑵Thisisnotourroom.Oursisoverthere.(这里ours=ourroom)3.o