non-verbal-communication-跨文化交际

Session5InterculturalNon-verbalCommunicationWhatwillhappen?Source::What?EveryculturehasrulesabouttheCORRECTuseofspace.Theproxemic(relatingtothestudyofspace)rulesareunwrittenandnevertaught--buttheyareverypowerfula.Shewillaskthemtositsomewhereelse.b.Shewillstareatthespaceinvadersdefiantly,butshewillnotmove.c.Shewillleave,sayingnothingtothethreepeoplewhoinvadedherpersonalspace.FlightFlightisthemostcommonresponsetospatialinvasions,andonly2%oftheinvadedpeopleinproxemicsexperimentseversayanythingtothosewhoinvadetheirpersonalspace.Theinvasionisstressfulfortheinvaded,makinganearlydepartureisalmostcertain.!!thereisno'internationallanguage'ofgestures.Instead,cultureshavedevelopedsystemsofuniquegestures,anditisalmostneverpossibleforustounderstandintuitivelythegesturesfromanotherculture.Frenchgesturefor'Idon'tbelieveyou',guesswhatthisIraniangesturemeans?No.1forme/Goodluck/screwyouScrewyouThisgestureteachesanextremelyimportantlesson.ThisgestureisidenticaltotheAmerican/Englishgesturefor‘GoodLucktoyou.’Butitisanobscene(淫猥的)gesture,andanAmericantravelinginIranwouldoutragepeoplethereiftheAmericanperformedthisgesture.Wheninanothercultureorsociety,weshouldnever'mirror'agesturethatsomeonepresentstous--withoutknowingit,wecouldbedeeplyoffendingthatpersonandinvitingconflict.Whowonthegameofone-on-onebasketball?a.Themanontheleftb.ThemanontherightThemanontherightHeseemsconfident,poisedandmodest--allqualitiesthatsuggestheisthewinnerofthegame.1.NonverbalCommunicationNonverbalcodesrefertocommunicativemessageswhicharenotinwordform.Morethan55%messagesarecommunicatednonverbally!Peopleturntobelievenonverbalcodeswhentheycontradicttheverbalones!Definition:(1)“Metacommunication(beyondtheusualcommmunication),paralinguistics,second-ordermessages,thesilentlanguage,andthehiddendimensionofcommunication.”(Hall,1959)Definition:(2)Nonverbalcommunicationinvolvesallnonverbalstimuliinacommunicationsettingthatisgeneratedbyboththesourceandhisorheruseoftheenvironmentandthathaspotentialmessagevalueforthesourceorreceiver.(SamovarandPorter,2004)DefinitioninChinese非言语交际包括在交际中认为的和环境产生的对于传播者或受传者含有潜在信息的所有的刺激，简单地说就是“不用语言的交际”，被称作”无声的语言“。DefinitioninChinese非语言交际在人类交际中非常重要。因为它最能反映一个人的情感或情绪状态。一个人（或多个人）不利用言语形式或只利用副语言形式所传达的信息被另一个人（或多个人）接收的交际行为。OverviewofNonverbalCommunication1.BodyLanguage•Generalappearanceanddress•Gestures•Eyecontact•Facialexpression•Posture•Touching2.Paralanguage•Silence•Pitch•Volumn3.EnvironmentLanguage•Space•Time毕继万（1995）体态语（bodylanguage，包括各种表情、动作、姿态）副语言（paralanguage，包括沉默与非语义声音）客体语（objectlanguage，包括皮肤颜色、气味、衣着化妆、家具等）环境语言（environmentallanguage，包括时间，空间、颜色、城市规划以及人对自然的影响等，即影响生理与心理的环境因素）。Differentcategorization对非言语交际方式，有种种不同的分类法，而且各子系统往往出现相互交叉或包容现象。下面将引述安德逊（Andersen，见Samovaretal．，1991：287)的分类系统。安德逊对非言语交际系统的划分比较全面，并按照人们对其研究的深度，由深到浅地划分出以下几个子系统：安德逊（Andersen)（1）时间学(chronemics)——研究人们利用时间的方式及其意义。（2）空间学（proxemics）——研究人际距离及空间使用方式及其意义。（3）身势学（kinesics）——研究人们的面部表情（facialexpression）、身体动作（bodymovements）、手势（gestures）等。（4）体触学（haptics）——研究身体接触所传达的信息。安德逊（Andersen)（5）外表（physicalappearance）——研究人们的肤色、衣着打扮及身体形态等。（6）目光学（oculesics）——研究人们通过目光接触（eyecontact），眨眼（blinks），眼珠转动（eyemovements）及瞳孔放大（pupildilation）等所传达的信息。（7）副语言（paralanguage／vocalics）——研究声音的非言语成分（nonverbalelements）所传达的信息。（8）嗅觉学（olfactics）——研究人们如何通过气味来传达信息。1.1BodyLanguageBodylanguagereferstoallnonverbalcodeswhichareassociatedwithbodymovements.Bodylanguageincludesgestures,headmovements,facialexpressions,eyebehaviors,posturesandotherdisplaysthatcanbeusedtocommunicate.(1)GeneralAppearanceandDressConcernwithhowoneappearsisuniversal.Wemakeinferences(oftenfaulty)aboutanother’s“intelligence,gender,age,approachability,financialwell-being,class,tastes,values,andculturalbackground”fromattractiveness,dress,andpersonalartifacts.Doyouselectattractivefriendsoverlessattractiveones?(1)GeneralAppearanceandDressMuslingirlsusuallywearscarvestocovertheirheads,andinmostinstance,“girlsarenotallowedtoparticipateinswimmingclassesbecauseoftheprohibitionsagainstexposingtheirbodies.”ModestyishighlyvaluedamongArabs.Perhapsnowhereintheworldisthemergerbetweenattireandaculture’svaluesystemmoreevidentthaninJapan.“Theproclivity(倾向,癖性)forconservativedressstylesandcolorsemphasizesthenation’scollectivismand,concomitantly(同时地）,lessensthepotentialforsocialdisharmonyarisingfromnonconformistattire.”(2)GesturesDoyouknowwhatthefollowinggesturesmeans?Number1isusedtogetherwiththeverbalmessage“Let’skeepourfingerscrossed”intheUnitedStates,England,andSwedentomeanthatthepersonishopingforgoodluck.ButinGreeceandTurkeyitmeansthebreakingofafriendship,andinpartsofItalyitmeans“O.K.”.Number2isnormallyusedwhentalkingprivatelyaboutathirdperson,meaningthatpersoniscrazy,ofteninajokingway.Number3indicates“Ihavenoidea.”/“Idon’tknow.”ThegestureinPicture4meansthat“Ican’t/didn’thearyou.”Number5means“That’senough.It’salloverforme.”InPicture6the“thumbsdown”signindicates“rejection”or“refusal”,“defeat”or“nogood”or“badnews”toAmericans.“Somethingisabitsuspicious/oddhere.”“Comeher