有关变电所设计的外文文献

The14thWorldConferenceonEarthquakeEngineeringOctober12-17,2008,Beijing,China1SEISMICASSESSMENTOFMEDIUMANDHIGHVOLTAGEPOWERSUBSTATIONEQUIPMENTSMortezaBastamiAssistantProfessor,Dept.ofCivilEngineering,UniversityofKurdistan,Sanandaj,IranAssistantProfessor,Dept.ofCivilEngineering,ImamKhomeiniInternationalUniversity,Ghazvin,IranEmail:[e-mail],[e-mail]:Powerelectricsubstationsarekeyelementsofpowersupplysystems.Equipmentsofthepowersubstationshavebeenthemostvulnerablecomponentswithinthepowersupplysystemsinpastearthquakes.Damagetosubstationequipmentswillcausedisoperationofwholesubstation,andthen,widespreadpowerdisruptions.Thispaperdevelopsmethodsforseismicassessmentofmedium-andhigh-voltagepowersubstationequipments.Inthispaper,dataofseismicperformanceofequipmentswithinfifty-eightmedium-andhigh-voltagesubstations,asthemostvulnerablesubstations,inpastmajorearthquakesinafewcountriesarecollected.Theselectedequipmentsarepowertransformer,live-tankcircuitbreaker,dead-tankcircuitbreaker,disconnectswitch,currenttransformer,potentialtransformer,bus-barsystem,lightningarrester,wavetrap,andcapacitivecouplingvoltagetransformer.Inlastpartofthepaper,adamageratiocurveforthemediumandhighvoltagesubstationsisproposed.Theobtainedresultsfordamageanalysesoftheequipmentsindicatethatthelive-tankcircuitbreakersby32.3%arethemostvulnerableequipmentanddead-tankcircuitbreakersby2.5%havethebestseismicperformance.Currenttransformers,bus-barsystems,potentialtransformers,andpowertransformersaretheothervulnerableequipmentsrespectively.KEYWORDS:Powersubstation,Seismicassessment,Mediumvoltage,Highvoltage,Substationequipment1.INTRODUCTIONApowersupplysystemiscomposedoffoursub-systems:powergenerators,transmissiongrid,powersubstationsanddistributiongrid.Suppliedpowertobeusefulinahomeorbusiness,whenitcomesoffthetransmissiongridandisstepped-downtothedistributiongrid.Thismayhappeninseveralphases.Theplace,wheretheconversionfromtransmissiontodistributionoccurs,isinapowersubstation.Apowersubstationtypicallydoesthreejobsasfollows:™Ithastransformersthatsteptransmissionvoltages(inthetensorhundredsofthousandsofvoltsrange)downtodistributionvoltages(typicallylessthan20kV).™Ithasabus-barthatcansplitthedistributionpoweroffinmultipledirections.™Itoftenhascircuitbreakersanddisconnectswitchessothatthesubstationcouldbedisconnectedfromthetransmissiongridordistributionlinescanbedisconnectedfromthesubstationwhennecessary.Ahighormediumvoltagesubstationisusedinatransmissiongridbutalowvoltagesubstationisemployedinadistributiongrid.Severallargestructuralsystemsexistwithinthesubstation,eachcontributingtotheoverallfunctionalityofthesubstation.Mostofthesubstationequipmentshavepoorseismicperformance.Recentseismicevents,suchasthe1971SanFernando(US),1986NorthPalmSprings(US),1989LomaPrieta(US),1990NorthofIran,1992Landers(US),1994Northridge(US),1995Kobe,1999Izmit(Turkey),2001ElSalvador,2003Bam(Iran),2004Niigata(Japan),2004IndianOcean,2006WestofIranand2006Java(Indonesia)earthquakesdemonstratedthevulnerabilityofsubstationcomponentstogroundshaking.Failurescommonlyoccurredinsupportstructuresofconductors,anchorageofpowertransformers,bushings,insulatorpoles,circuitbreakers,anddisconnectswitches.Figures1-4showexamplesofdamagestosubstationequipmentsinthe2004NiigataKenChūetsuearthquakeinJapan(JSCE/JGS,2004).ThesedamagesoccurredwhilemostlyofpowersubstationsinJapanduringlastdecades,especiallyaftertheKobe1995earthquake,The14thWorldConferenceonEarthquakeEngineeringOctober12-17,2008,Beijing,China2havebeenstrengthenedagainstearthquake.JapanElectricAssociationin1985,forfirsttime,developedaGuidelinetitledas“Earthquakeresistantdesignguidelineforelectricfacilitiesinpowersubstation”,whichwasrevisedin1999(JEAG5003-1999).Powersubstationsbasedonfunctionalityareclassifiedinthreetypesasfollows:•Transmissionsubstations(voltageandcurrentincreaseordecrease)•Distributionsubstations(voltagedecreaseandcurrentincrease)•Switchyards(nochangeinvoltageandcurrent)Alsobasedonvoltageleveltheyarecategorizedinthreeclass,whichare:•Low-voltage:lessthan150kV•Medium-voltage:between150kVand350kV•High-voltage:350kVandaboveInthispaper,seismicperformanceofmedium-andhigh-voltagepowersubstationequipmentsarediscussed.Figure1Lightningarrestersofallthree-Figure2OilleakagefromjointbetweenphaseswerebrokeninNagaokaSub.transformerandcondenserinMinamiNagaokaSub.(JSCE,2004)(JSCE,2004)Figure3FailureofcondenserinNagaokasub.Figure4Extrusionofgasketandoilleakage(JSCE,2004)inbushingof154kVtransformerinUonumaSub.(JSCE,2004)The14thWorldConferenceonEarthquakeEngineeringOctober12-17,2008,Beijing,China32.DATAGATHERINGInthisresearch,atfirstdamagestothepowersystemsin43earthquakes,fromthe1923Kantoearthquake(Japan)tothe2006Javaearthquake(Indonesia)areinvestigated,whichhundredsofpowersubstationshadbeensuffereddamage.Unfortunatelyexactinformationlikeasgroundaccelerationatsubstationsite,descriptionofdamages,exactnumberofdamagedequipments,voltagelevelofequipmentsandetc.inmostlyofreportsarenotreported.Duetothesedatalimitations,justenoughda