美国文学史-作者作品完整版

1.ThefirstpermanentEnglishsettlementinNorthAmericawasestablishedatJamestown,Virginiain1607.2.BenjaminFranklin(1706-1790)OneoftheFoundingFathersoftheUnitedStates.Franklinwasaleadingauthorandprinter,politicaltheorist,politician,postmaster,scientist,inventor,satirist,civicactivistFranklingainedinternationalrenownasascientistforhisfamousexperimentsinelectricity.InthewordsofhistorianHenrySteeleCommager,InaFranklincouldbemergedthevirtuesofPuritanismwithoutitsdefects,theilluminationoftheEnlightenmentwithoutitsheat.”ToWalterIsaacson,thismakesFranklinthemostaccomplishedAmericanofhisageandthemostinfluentialininventingthetypeofsocietyAmericawouldbecome.NathanialHawthorneremarkedthatFranklin’saxioms“teachmenbutaverysmallportionoftheirduties…Theyareallaboutgettingmoneyorsavingit.”Lawrencedidn’tbelievethatFranklin’sideathatmancanbeperfected,sayingthatitwouldbelikethe“perfectibilityoftheFordcar.”(StudiesinClassicAmericanLiterature)Otherbook:PoorRichard'sAlmanack穷理查的年鉴AutobiographyFourpartsPartOneoftheAutobiographyisaddressedtoFranklin'ssonWilliam(1771)FranklinbeganPartTwoin1784,givingamoredetailedaccountofhispubliclibraryplanandlists13virtuesThirdpartstartedin1788abouthisAlmanac,Junto.Thelastpartwaswrittenin1789,yetnotfinishedAnumberoffirstsItisconsideredthefirstpopularself-helpbookeverpublished.ItwasthefirstandonlyworkwritteninAmericanbeforethe19thcenturythathasretainedbestsellerpopularitysinceitsrelease.ItwasthefirstmajorsecularAmericanautobiography.ItisalsothefirstrealaccountoftheAmericanDreaminactionastoldfromamanwhoexperienceditfirsthand.ThisformwouldbecopiednumeroustimesthroughoutAmericanhistory.BenjaminFranklin'sThirteenVirtues1.TEMPERANCE.Eatnottodullness;drinknottoelevation.节制。食不过饱；饮酒不醉。2.SILENCE.Speaknotbutwhatmaybenefitothersoryourself;avoidtriflingconversation.缄默。言则于人于己有益，不作无益闲聊。3.ORDER.Letallyourthingshavetheirplaces;leteachpartofyourbusinesshaveitstime.秩序。各样东西放在一定地方；各项日常事务应有一定的处理时间。4.RESOLUTION.Resolvetoperformwhatyouought;performwithoutfailwhatyouresolve.决断。事情当做必做；既做则坚持到底。5.FRUGALITY.Makenoexpensebuttodogoodtoothersoryourself;i.e.,wastenothing.节俭。花钱须于人于己有益，即不浪费。6.INDUSTRY.Losenotime;bealwaysemploy'dinsomethinguseful;cutoffallunnecessaryactions.勤勉。不浪费时间；每时每刻做有用之事，戒除一切不必要的行动。7.SINCERITY.Usenohurtfuldeceit;thinkinnocentlyandjustly,and,ifyouspeak,speakaccordingly.诚恳。不欺骗人；思想纯洁公正；说话也应诚实。8.JUSTICE.Wrongnonebydoinginjuries,oromittingthebenefitsthatareyourduty.正直。不做不利他人之事，切勿忘记履行对人有益的义务而伤害他人。9.MODERATION.Avoidextremes;forbearresentinginjuriessomuchasyouthinktheydeserve.中庸。勿走极端；受到应有的处罚，应当加以容忍。10.CLEANLINESS.Toleratenouncleanlinessinbody,cloths,orhabitation.整洁。身体、衣服和住所应力求清洁。11.TRANQUILLITY.Benotdisturbedattrifles,orataccidentscommonorunavoidable.平静。勿因琐事或普通而不可避免的事件而烦恼。12.CHASTITY.Rarelyusevenerybutforhealthoroffspring,nevertodullness,weakness,ortheinjuryofyourownoranother'speaceorreputation.节欲。切戒房事过度，勿伤害身体或有损自己或他人的安宁或名誉。13.HUMILITY.ImitateJesusandSocrates.谦逊。效法耶稣和苏格拉底。3.WashingtonIrving(1783-1859)ThefatheroftheAmericanshortstoryThefirstauthortobeabletosupporthimselfthroughhispublicationsThefirstAmericanwriterswhogainedaninternationalreputationbywritingshortstories.WilliamMakepeaceThackeraydescribedhim,“thefirstambassadorsentbythenewworldofletterstotheold.”WorksAHistoryofNewYorkfromtheBeginningoftheWorldtotheEndoftheDutchDynastybyDiedrichKnickerbocker1809《纽约外史》TheSketchBookofGeoffreyCrayon,Gent《见闻札记》“RipVanWinkle”《瑞普·凡·温克尔》“TheLegendofSleepyHollow”《睡谷传说》BracebridgeHall1822《布雷斯布里奇庄园》OliverGoldsmith1840《哥尔德斯密斯》LifeofGeorgeWashington1855-1859《华盛顿传》TheLegendofSleepyHollowMaincharactersIchabodCraneAbrahamBromBonesVanBruntKatrinaVanTassel4.EdgarAllanPoe(1809-1849)fatherofmodernshortstoryfatherofdetectivestoryfatherofpsychoanalyticcriticismWorks:Shortstories:TalesoftheGrotesqueandtheArabesque《奇异怪诞故事集》“MS.FoundinaBottle”《瓶子里发现的手稿》“TheMurdersintheRueMorgue”《毛格街杀人案》“TheFalloftheHouseofUsher”《厄舍古屋的倒塌》“TheMasqueoftheRedDeath”《红色死亡的化妆舞会》“TheCaskofAmontillado”《一桶酒的故事》PoetryTheRaven《乌鸦》Israfel《伊斯拉菲尔》AnnabelLee《安娜贝尔•李》ToHelen《致海伦》Literarycriticism“ThePoeticPrinciple”《诗歌原理》“ThePhilosophyofComposition”《创作哲学》TheFalloftheHouseofUsherI(thenarrator)RoderickUsherMadelineUsher5.HenryDavidThoreau(1817-1862)BorninacommonfamilyinNewEnglandGraduatedfromHarvard,butonlystayedathomeandhelpedfamilybusinessEmerson’sdiscipleLowellhadjokedaboutThoreaufollowingEmerson“ascloseasasticktoarocket,/hisfingersexploringtheprophet’seachpocket.”ActiveinsociallifeandhadastrongsenseofjusticenotsuccessfulasawriterandlivedinobscurityalmostallhislifeMajorLiteraryWorksCivilDisobedience«论公民之不服从»APleaforJohnBrown«为约翰·布朗申辩»AWeekontheConcordandMerrimackRivers«在康科德与梅里马克河上一周»arecordofacanoeexcursion,givingobservantcommentsonnature,man,societyandliteratureWalden《瓦尔登湖》Walden,orLifeintheWoodsInWalden,Thoreaurecordsbothhisexperimentinself-sufficientnaturallivingandhisideasaboutnature,humansociety,andtheproperwayforpeopletolive.Inaseriesofessays,linkedbythemesandtheprogressionoftheseasons,Thoreaudescribesbuildinghisowncabinandlivingalon